Intermolecular Force of Attraction
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1 Note Packet # 11 Intermolecular Force of Attraction I Love Chemistry An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules. Remember! Molecules are groups of atoms that are covalently bonded. What is an intermolecular force? The strength an intermolecular force depends on the polarity of the molecules. Polar molecules have oppositely charged ends based on electronegativity differences. Intermolecular forces are responsible for the nonideal behavior of real gases. Therefore; an intermolecular force is an electrostatic force that follows the rule: pposite charges attract and like charges repel. What is the rule of electrostatic force? Polar objects arrange themselves so that opposite electric charges align. The greater the polarity of the molecules the greater the force of attraction between them. ow does the polarity of molecules affect the force of attraction between them? Intermolecular forces determine a substanceʼs: a) Melting point b) Boiling point c) Vapor pressure List 3 things that are determined by a substanceʼs intermolecular forces. a) b) c) Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms!
2 Note Packet # 11 I Love Chemistry Substances with strong intermolecular forces have low vapor pressures and high melting and boiling points. Why? Because a strong force of attraction holds molecules together tightly. A lot of kinetic energy (high temperature) is required to melt, boil, or create vapor pressure for a substance with a strong intermolecular force of attraction. Substances with weak intermolecular forces have high vapor pressures and low melting boiling points. Why? Because a weak force of attraction holds molecules together loosely. A small amount of kinetic energy (low temperature) is required to melt, boil, or create vapor pressure for a substance with a weak intermolecular force of attraction. Substances with strong intermolecular forces have vapor pressures. Substances with strong intermolecular forces have melting and boiling points. Substances with weak intermolecular forces have vapor pressures Substances with weak intermolecular forces have melting and boiling points. Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! Intermolecular forces are weak compared to chemical bonds. Intermolecular forces are compared to chemical bonds. Which is a stronger attractive force? Chemical bond or intermolecular force (circle one) The intermolecular forces we will study are: a) Dipole force of attraction b) ydrogen bonding c) MoleculeIon force of attraction d) Van Der Waals Force of Attraction 2
3 Note Packet # 11 You must know how intermolecular forces are related to Table. I Love Chemistry weak propanone > ethanol > water > ethanoic acid strong Intermolecular forces increase > At any given pressure propanone has the lowest boiling point. At any given temperature propanone has the highest vapor pressure. At any given pressure ethanoic acid has the highest boiling point. At any given temperature ethanoic acid has the lowest vapor pressure. List the 4 Table liquids in order of increasing intermolecular forces. Important! The diagrams used to represent intermolecular forces are 2dimensional. The real world is 3dimensional. 3
4 Dipole Force of Attraction Dipole Force of Attraction refers to the force of attraction between polar molecules. Polar molecules have ends with opposite electric charges. pposite electric charges attract. The result is polar molecules aligning themselves with opposite ends facing each other. Because of this attraction, molecules of polar substances hold together tightly resulting in high melting and boiling points and low vapor pressures. Cl Cl Cl Cl This shape represents the dipole force of attraction between the δ and δ ends of the molecules. Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! 4
5 ydrogen bonding is a very strong dipole force of attraction. It only occurs between molecules that contain ydrogen bonded to Fluorine, xygen, or Nitrogen. Remember! Chemistry is so much F N. F, 2, and N3 are the usual regents examples of substances that experience hydrogen bonding. Substances with hydrogen bonding have low vapor pressures and high melting and boiling points. Water has a high boiling point compared to other similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding. The diagram below illustrates how water molecules arrange themselves as a solid ice due to hydrogen bonding. List 3 substances that experience hydrogen bonding. Large empty space here. Solid water ice is less dense (occupies more space) than liquid water because of the arrangement of its molecules due to hydrogen bonding. This shape represents the intermolecular force known as hydrogen bonding. Remember! ydrogen bonding is an intermolecular force between molecules. It is not a chemical bond between atoms. Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! 5
6 MoleculeIon Force of Attraction is a force of attraction between polar molecules and ions. pposite electric charges attract. The negative ends of polar molecules align themselves with ions. The positive ends of polar molecules align themselves with ions. NaCl(aq) describes NaCl dissolved in water. When salt is dissolved in water (aqueous) the water molecules and ions arrange themselves as in the diagram below. Ions surrounded by water molecules are called hydrated ions. This shape represents the moleculeion force of attraction. Salts (ionic substances) are used to melt ice since ithey create a moleculeion force of attraction which disrupts the hydrogen bonding in solid ice. See the page on hydrogen bonding of water. Na Ions surrounded by water molecules are called ions. The term NaCl(aq) tells us a lot. It tells us that we have a mixture of NaCl (ionic) and water (polar). This mixture will contain a moleculeion force of attraction. Cl Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! 6
7 Van Der Waals Force of Attraction is a weak force of attraction between nonpolar molecules. Nonpolar molecules are symmetrical and do not have opposite ends. Therefore; nonpolar molecules canʼt have a dipole force of attraction. This weak force is due to an instantaneous imbalance of electrons around the nucleus of the atoms. Substances with only Van Der Waals force of attraction have high vapor pressures and low melting and boiling points. Why? because the molecules do not hold together tightly. The relative melting and boiling points of nonpolar molecules are determined by the strength of their Van Der Waals forces. A strong force will result in higher melting and boiling points. A weak force will result in lower melting and boiling points. Not all nonpolar substances have equal strength Van Der Waals forces. The greater the mass of an molecule, the greater the Van Der Waals force. Ex: Which molecule has the highest melting and boiling point? F2, Br2 or I2. To solve: Use the periodic table to compare the mass of F2, Br2 and I2. I2 has the greatest mass, therefore,the highest melting and boiling point. This shape represents the Van Der Waals force of attraction. F F F F F2 has a small mass.the Van Der Waals force for F2 is small. F2 is a gas at room temperature due to its very weak Van Der Waals intermolecular force of attraction. Br Br Br Br Br2 has a larger mass. The Van Der Waals force for Br2 is larger. Br2 is a liquid at room temperature since its Van Der Waals intermolecular force is large enough to hold its molecules together as a liquid. Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! 7
8 I2 has a larger mass than F2 or Br2. Therefore; its Van Der Waals force is larger. I2 is a solid at room temperature since its Van Der Waals intermolecular force is large enough to hold its molecules together as a solid at room temperature. Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! Important! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! 8
9 1. What is the main force of attraction between Cl molecules (pg 4) 2. Which intermolecular force holds water molecules together in a water drop? (pg 5) 3. Name 3 substances with hydrogen bonding. (pg 5) 4. Why does water have a relatively high boiling point compared to other similar molecules? (pg 5) 5. What is the main intermolecular force present in NaCl (aq)? (pg 6) 6. What is a hydrated ion? (pg 6) 7. Name 3 nonpolar molecules with polar bonds. (packet # 10 or your chemistry knowledge) 8. What are Van Der Waals Forces. (pg 7) 9. What determines the strength of Van Der Waals forces? (pg 7) 9
10 10. Which substance has a stronger force of attraction between molecules, Cl 2 or Br 2? Why? (pgs 7 & 8) 11. Explain, with respect to intermolecular forces, why fluorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid at room temperature. (pgs 7 & 8) 12. Fill in the blanks below with either high or low. (pgs 2 & 3) a) Strong intermolecular forces result in vapor pressure. b) Weak intermolecular forces result in boiling point. c) Strong intermolecular force results in melting point. 13. Draw the dipole intermolecular force of attraction between 3 Br molecules. Label the δ and δ side of the Br molecules. (pg 4) 10
11 14. Draw the hydrogen bonding between 2 water molecules. Label the δ and δ side of the water molecules. (pg 5) 15. Draw the hydrogen bonding between 2 ammonia molecules. Label the δ and δ side of the ammonia molecules. (similar to pg 5) 16. Draw the moleculeion force of attraction between a calcium ion and 3 water molecules. Include the charge of the ion and label the δ and δ side of the water molecules. (pg 6) 17. Draw the moleculeion force of attraction between an iodide ion and 3 water molecules. Include the charge of the ion and label the δ and δ side of the water molecules. (pg 6) 11
12 An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! An intermolecular force of attraction is not a chemical bond between atoms! Multiple Choice; An intermolecular force of attraction is a) a covalent bond b) an ionic bond c) a chemical bond between atoms. d) a force of attraction between molecules. Fill in the blank; An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between! Matching; Use the following terms to fill in the blanks below. is is not a) An intermolecular force of attraction a force of attraction between molecules! b) An intermolecular force of attraction a chemical bond between atoms! True or False; An intermolecular force of attraction is a force of attraction between molecules! An intermolecular force of attraction is a chemical bond between atoms! Intermolecular forces are responsible for the nonideal behavior of real gases 12
13 Intermolecular Forces determine the following properties about a substance. 1. Melting and boiling points Strong intermolecular forces result in high melting and boiling points. Weak intermolecular forces result in low melting and boiling points. 2. Vapor Pressure Strong intermolecular forces result in low vapor pressure. Weak intermolecular forces result in high vapor pressure. 3. eat of vaporization and eat of fusion Strong intermolecular forces result in high heat of vaporization and high heat of fusion. Weak intermolecular forces result in low heat of vaporization and low heat of fusion. Sublimation describes the phase change from solid to gas, completely skipping the liquid phase. Exs: C 2 (s) C 2 (g) I 2 (s) I 2 (g) Substances that experience sublimation have weak intermolecular forces.
14 1. Strong intermolecular forces result in melting and boiling points. Weak intermolecular forces result in melting and boiling points. 2. Strong intermolecular forces result in vapor pressure. Weak intermolecular forces result in vapor pressure. 3. Strong intermolecular forces result in heat of vaporization and high heat of fusion. Weak intermolecular forces result in low heat of vaporization and heat of fusion. 4. Substances that experience sublimation have intermolecular forces. 5. List two substances that experience sublimation under normal conditions. &
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