The Elements. ! Developed a method using x-ray spectra to identify elements
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1 The Elements Instructions: 1. On your paper (s), copy down the given information for each of the following scientists, matter classification, or groups on the periodic table, 2. For each of the scientists, matter classification, or groups on the periodic table use your book, notes or the internet to find the additional information (Facts/ sentences). Answer in complete sentences.! John Newlands arranged the known elements in a table according to their chemical properties and in order of increasing atomic mass. Fact #1 Given! The chemical properties seemed to repeat every eight elements. Newlands called this pattern the law of octaves. Fact #2 Given!Dmitri Mendeleev produced the first orderly arrangement of the known 63 elements. Mendeleev arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass!mendeleev started a new row each time he noticed that the chemical properties of the elements repeated.! Henry Moseley found a different physical basis for the arrangement of elements.! Developed a method using x-ray spectra to identify elements! Mendeleev left gaps in his periodic table for elements not yet discovered.
2 Modern Periodic Law:! When the elements are arranged according to their atomic numbers, elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals.! The outermost electrons (Valence) determine chemical properties. Groups:! A vertical column on the periodic table is called a group/family.! Elements in each column of the periodic table have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level (s + p). Periods:! A horizontal row on the periodic table is called a period.! There are seven periods or energy levels. Periodic Table:
3 Octet Rule:! In chemical reactions, atoms tend to match the s and p electron configuration of the noble gases! Atoms will gain, lose, or share the correct number of electrons to have eight (8) s + p valence electrons, or a full octet! Eight Electrons around each atom when bonded! Example CO 2 Metals: Most of the elements on the periodic table Lose electrons (e-) in chemical reactions to achieve noble gas electron configuration Nonmetals:! Right side of the periodic table, Gases, Liquids, and Solids.! Gain electrons (e-) in chemical reactions to achieve noble gas electron configuration Metalloids:! Border the Staircase between metals and nonmetals! Ability to gain, lose or share electrons (e-) in chemical reactions to achieve noble gas electron configuration! Semiconductors are formed from silicon.
4 Main Group Elements:! Elements in groups 1, 2, and are known as the main-group elements.! s and p sublevel blocks of the periodic table.! The elements in each group have the same number of valence electrons. Main Group Elements: s-sublevel p-sublevel! Metals, Non metals and Metalloids Hydrogen: Family by itself, Hydrogen will lose 1e -, gain 1e -, share 1e - Oxidation or ion number of 1 + (loss), or 1 - (gain) Alkali Metals (s-block): Group #1, Lose 1e - in chemical reactions Oxidation or ion number of 1 + (loss) 1 Fact /sentence
5 Alkaline Earth Metals (s-block): Group #2, Lose 2e- in chemical reactions Oxidation or ion number of 2 + (loss) Transisition Metals (d-block): Groups 3-12, Lose 1-7e - in chemical reactions Oxidation or ion number of 1 + to 7 + (loss) In each of the four periods in which they occur, these elements represent the successive addition of electrons to the d sublevel orbitals within the atom. Boron Group (p-block): Group # 13, Metals that lose 3e -, Nonmetals that gain 5e -, Metalloids that share 5e - Oxidation or ion number of 3 + (loss) to 5 - (gain) Carbon Group (p-block): Group #14, Metals that lose 4e -, Nonmetals that gain 4e -, Metalloids that share 4e - Oxidation or ion number of 4 + (loss) to 4 - (gain)
6 Nitrogen Group (p-block): Group #15, One metal that loses 5e -, two non-metals that gain 3e -, or share 3e - Oxidation or ion number of 5 + (loss) and 3 - (gain) Oxygen Group (p-block): Group #16, Non Metals that gain 2e -, or share 2e - Oxidation or ion number of 2 - (gain) Halogen Group (p-block): Group # 17, Non Metals that gain 1e -, or share 1e - Oxidation or ion number of 1 - (gain), The Halogens or Salt Formers are the most reactive of the Non-metals Helium (p-block): Family by itself, Helium is the perfect element. Helium is a nonmetal that does not gain, lose or share electrons. Non-reactive! No Oxidation or ion numbers. Full s sublevels (1s 2 ). Full energy level!
7 Noble Gas Group (p-block): Group #18, Nonmetals that do not gain, lose or share electrons. Non-reactive! No Oxidation or ion numbers. Full s + p sublevels. Full energy levels! Lantanides Group (f-block): 4f block of period 6:Metals losing 2, 3 or 4 e - in chemical reactions Oxidation or ion number of 2 +, 3 +, 4 + (loss) Actinides Group (f-block): 5f block of period 7: Metals losing 2, 3 or 4 e - in chemical reactions Oxidation or ion number of 2 +, 3 +, 4 + (loss) Element 92 Uranium is the final naturally occurring element. The elements over #92 are synthesized by man
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