History, Chemistry, and Long-Term Effects of Alum-Rosin Size in Paper
|
|
- Melvin Joel Elliott
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction Jim Thurn Technology & Structure December 3, 2003 istory, Chemistry, and Long-Term Effects of Alum-Rosin Size in Paper Sizing of paper is a common practice to reduce absorption of liquid, including ink, into the paper surface. Different methods of sizing paper have been practiced throughout the history of papermaking. Alum-rosin size was an important method of sizing paper since the early 1800's, although its addition to paper has decreased sharply since the mid- to late 1980's. Due to the importance of alum-rosin size in producing paper with resistance to liquids, the paper industry devoted much effort to study the chemical interaction of alum, rosin, and paper fibers. Although alum-rosin size was very effective in reducing absorption of liquids, a negative impact was the reduction of p in paper, leading to chemical breakdown of cellulose fibers. This report presents an overview of the history, chemistry, and long-term effects of alum-rosin size in relation to papermaking. Paper may be sized internally and/or externally. The most common historical internal size for paper consisted of rosin. Pulp fibers, fillers (e.g., clay), and size particles are usually negatively charged. Since particles with the same charge repel one another, the papermaker must intercede to promote the attachment of size and fillers to the pulp fibers. Alum was found to greatly facilitate the attachment of negatively-charged molecules (Smook 1982). Thus, alum acts as a mordant to bind together the different components of paper. ptimum performance of alum-rosin size during paper manufacture occurs at a p of 4 to 5.5 (Arnson 1982). An unfortunate consequence of such a low p level is acidic paper, which promotes acid hydrolysis and scission of cellulose molecules. Alum was also often used without rosin for the control of p (i.e., to reduce p), and to increase the retention of materials other than rosin (e.g., fines, fillers, and pigments) in the paper. Rosin is reportedly of little significance in the physical deterioration of paper, but the acidity 1
2 associated with alum is a major cause of paper deterioration. In fact, the p of paper is the most significant factor influencing strength loss over time (Casey 1981). istory of Alum-Rosin Size The following presents a brief overview of the history of alum-rosin size. To provide an historical context for comparison purposes, the use of alum alone, gelatin alone, and alum in combination with gelatin, is described. The information is presented chronologically. istorically, gelatin was very frequently applied as an external, surface size on finished sheets of paper. The gelatin was applied to finished paper either alone or in combination with alum. Alum was added to gelatin size to control the viscosity of gelatin at different temperatures and concentrations, to prevent the growth of molds and bacteria, and to reduce the absorption of inks into the gelatin and paper substrate (Barrow 1974). The earliest use of gelatin size in paper probably occurred in Europe in 1337 (unter 1947). The earliest use of alum in combination with gelatin is believed to have occurred during the 1500's. Evidence of the first use of alum alone occurs in a papermaking handbook dated 1634 and, by 1660, alum usage was common at paper mills (Barrow 1974). Barrow (1974) studied the paper contained in 250 books produced throughout the 1700's, and detected alum in 213 (85%) of the books. Importantly, of the 37 books containing no alum, 31 were produced between 1700 and nly six of the books containing no alum were produced between 1750 and Thus, the results show a trend of increasing alum usage during the 1700's. Alum-rosin size was invented by Moritz Friedrich Illig in Germany in 1807, which eventually replaced alum-gelatin size due to its lower cost (Barrow 1974; Green 1992). Paper mills were commonly adding alum-rosin size to the papermaking stock by the 1840's (Kusterer and Sproull 1973). In a study of books published throughout the 1800's, alum was detected in 91% of the book papers, and rosin was detected in approximately 70% of the papers tested from the mid- to late 1800's (Barrow 1974). 2
3 Studies conducted on the condition of paper in 500 books published between 1900 and 1949, showed alum was present in 98.7% of the papers, and rosin was present in 74% of the papers. These results suggest that alum alone was used in 24.7% of the papers to improve the operating performance of the paper machine (i.e., control p and improve retention of fines, fillers, and pigments). Interestingly, even though the books published between 1900 and 1949 were the newest books evaluated in the studies, the paper contained in the newer books showed the lowest fold resistance of any of the papers studied, which included papers produced as early as The tear resistance of the newer papers was also low (Church 1959; Barrow 1974). owever, one should not assume the presence of alum-rosin size is soley responsible for the reduced strength of the newer papers. For example, the study revealed 27% of the tested papers produced between 1900 and 1949 contained groundwood (i.e., shortened fibers), but only 20% of the tested papers produced in the mid- to late 1800's contained groundwood (Barrow 1974). Thus, other variables likely contributed to a decrease in strength characteristics of the newer papers. The first commercially-produced alkaline papers were manufactured by paper companies such as ercules, Inc. and S.D. Warren during the 1950's (Smith 1990). The first commerciallyproduced, permanent, durable paper was manufactured in 1960 through the use of a synthetic, non-acidic size, and the addition of calcium carbonate as a mild, alkaline buffer (Barrow 1974). Synthetic polymer mordants commonly replaced alum at paper mills in the mid- to late 1980's, allowing mills to operate under neutral or alkaline conditions (Au and Thorn 1995). The first alkaline papermaking seminar sponsored by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry was held in 1983, which provides evidence of the increased attention given by the paper industry to alkaline papermaking (Tappi Journal 1982). The following factors contributed to the increasing trend of neutral and alkaline papermaking, and a concurrent decrease in acidic alum-rosin sizing (Smook 1982; Walkden 1990; Final Report to Congress 1995): Passage of 40 CFR Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category,
4 Passage of Public Law Joint Resolution to Establish a National Policy on Permanent Paper, 1990 Availability of synthetic sizing chemicals suitable for alkaline processes Ability to use calcium carbonate in alkaline processes Lower cost of raw materials Lower energy consumption Reduced corrosion of papermaking machinery Non-acidic, synthetic sizing chemicals allowed the paper industry to convert many mills from acidic processes to alkaline processes. This trend increased in 1993 after passage of the environmental regulation, 40 CFR 430- Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category, which governs effluent discharges from pulp and paper mills. The environmental regulation made conversion from acidic to alkaline processes economically favorable for paper mills, and was the most significant influence in the shift toward alkaline processes (Final Report to Congress 1995). Passage of Public Law , Joint Resolution to Establish a National Policy on Permanent Paper, in 1990 also provided incentive for paper mills to convert to alkaline processes. The law states, "It is the policy of the United States that Federal records, books, and publications of enduring value be produced on acid free permanent papers". The law also encourages American publishers, as well as state and local governments, to use permanent papers for documents of enduring value (Final Report to Congress 1995). A timeline showing major milestones of alum and rosin usage in paper is provided in Figure 1 (Barrow 1974; Au and Thorn 1995) 's 1985 Increasing Use of Alum First published account of alum used in papermaking Alum in common use at paper mills Alum-rosin size invented Alum-rosin size in common use at paper mills Frequent use of synthetic polymers as alternatives to alum Figure 1. Major milestones of alum and rosin usage in papermaking 4
5 Chemistry of Alum-Rosin Size Alum-rosin chemistry has been studied extensively by researchers in the pulp and paper industry. owever, despite the vast amount of research conducted, the complexity of alum-rosin chemistry has resulted in several theories regarding how alum, rosin, cellulose, and other compounds interact during paper manufacture. ne theory of alum-rosin chemistry, based on coordinate chemistry, is presented in the following paragraphs (Biermann 1996). Both alum and rosin have been added to pulp in several different forms. The term "alum" refers to a group of double salts. Aluminum potassium sulfate [KAl(S 4 ) 2 ] is a type of alum, which was often used in conjunction with rosin for sizing of paper. In contrast, "papermakers alum", aluminum sulfate [Al 2 (S 4 ) 3 ], is technically not an alum since the compound is a single salt, but was also often used in alum-rosin sizing of paper (Casey 1981; Budavari 1989). Aluminum is the active component in alum, and its properties are important to the sizing process. The aluminum ion has a high charge of +3, and a small ionic radius of 0.50 angstrom, which results in a high charge density. The high charge density is responsible for the diverse chemical reactions of Al +3 because the ion readily reacts with other species to form a lower energy state. Much of the complexity of alum-rosin chemistry (and the existence of differing theories) is due to the many possible reactions of Al +3 with other constituents in aqueous solutions. The occurrence of specific reactions, and the types of aluminum compounds formed, are dependent on many variables. ne of the most important variables influencing alum-rosin chemistry is the p of the solution. The reactions most favorable to alum-rosin sizing of paper occur in a p range of (Arnson 1982). Rosin is an amber-colored, natural resin present in southern pine. The rosin is tapped from trees, extracted from stumps, or processed from tall oil (Smook 1982). Rosin consists of a group of closely-related diterpene acids. The molecular structure of the most common diterpene acid, abietic acid, is shown in Figure 2 on the following page (Roberts, 1996). 5
6 C 3 C 3 C 3 3 C C Figure 2. Molecular structure of abietic acid Like alum, rosin has been added to papermaking stock in two different forms. ne form of rosin is a free acid rosin dispersion, known as rosin acid emulsion. The second form of rosin is produced by saponification to create a soluble, alkali metal soap, known as rosin soap (Casey 1981). Research suggests that different sizing mechanisms occur depending on whether the rosin acid or rosin soap form is added to the papermaking stock (Roberts 1996). Rosin is a twenty-carbon organic acid, and is considered an amphipathic material because the compound contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts (Smook 1982). Figure 3 on the following page shows the aliphatic and aromatic forms of rosin, as well as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of both forms (Gess 1989). The aliphatic form of rosin is abbreviated in Figure 3, as designated by the parentheses in "(C 2 )", since the molecule actually contains twenty carbons. 6
7 C 3 C 3 C 2 ydrophobic C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 ydrophobic C C 2 (C 2 ) ydrophilic C ydrophilic Figure 3. Aliphatic (left) and aromatic (right) forms of rosin, showing the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of both forms. The following conditions are required for proper sizing of paper (TAPPI 1970): Formation of size precipitate characterized by a low free-surface energy and, therefore, a high water repellency. Formation of a uniform coating of size precipitate over the fiber surfaces. Conversion of the liquid size on the fiber surface to a stable, low free-surface energy film (i.e., aluminum rosinate), which remains stable even if contact with fluids occurs. Rosin is added to pulp and precipitated onto fibers by alum. To provide effective sizing, the hydrophobic parts must be oriented outward and away from the fibers, where they can perform their function of repelling water (Smook 1982). The proper orientation of rosin molecules for sizing of paper is shown in Figure 4 on the following page (Gess 1989). 7
8 Water Water Rosin molecules Water ydrophobic portion ydrophilic portion Cellulose surface Figure 4. ydrophilic portions of rosin molecules are anchored to the cellulose surface. ydrophobic portions of rosin molecules are oriented away from cellulose to repel water. Normal covalent bonds occur when each atom donates one electron to the pair. owever, coordinate covalent bonds are formed when one atom donates both electrons of the electron pair. The reactions of alum in aqueous solutions are often explained by coordinate chemistry. Coordination complexes occur when Lewis acids (compounds which accept electron pairs) react with Lewis bases (compounds which donate electron pairs). An example of a simple coordinate chemistry reaction is the reaction of hydronium ion with hydroxide ion to form water as shown below (Biermann 1996). + + : - : In the above reaction, the electron pair is donated by the hydroxide ion (base) to form a water molecule in which the electron pair is shared. A "ligand" is a species which donates an electron pair(s), so ligands are considered Lewis bases. When alum is added to an aqueous solution, the compound dissociates, liberating Al 3+ cations. The aluminum cation has a coordination number of six, which results in the aluminum cation reacting with six electron pairs of ligands. If no other ligands are present, Al 3+ reacts with six water molecules to form a hydrated complex with the formula [Al( 2 ) 6 ] 3+. The octahedral-shaped aluminum complex is shown on the left side of the reaction in Figure 5 on the following page. The oxygen atom of the - ions forms bonds with two different coordinating cations, producing two hydroxo bridges as shown on the right side of the reaction in Figure 5 (Biermann 1996). 8
9 Al Al Al Figure 5. ydrated aluminum complex (left) reacts with - to form hydroxo bridges (right). During rosin sizing, alum also forms bonds with other ligands besides water, such as rosinate anions, carboxylate groups, hydroxyl groups, and sulfate anions to form a compound known as the aluminum-rosinate complex. The aluminum-rosinate complex is a double bridged oxo compound, which forms after the loss of hydrogen from the hydroxo bridges. ne possible form of the aluminum-rosinate complex is shown in Figure 6 (Biermann 1996). The complex is a colloidal compound, so its solubility in water is limited. Reduced solubility occurs due to the increased size of the complex, hydrophobic linkages, and a reduction of charge due to coordination of the aluminum cation with anions (Biermann 1996). 2 C---Cellulose 2 R 2 2 n+ 2 Al S 3 - Al Rosin---C Al 2 Al Rosin---C 2 Figure 6. ypothetical aluminum-rosinate structure Formation of oxo bridges are important to alum-rosin sizing since the bridges enlarge the aluminum-rosinate complex and decrease the solubility of the complex in water. The average degree of polymerization varies with p. For example, at a p of 5, as much as 90% of the aluminum is in the form of polymers, which provides effective sizing. owever, at p below 4, alum is ineffective because Al 3+ ions do not complex with - ions, and, therefore, hydroxo 9
10 bridges are not formed. As a result, the solubility of alum is increased and retention of rosin on fibers is reduced (Biermann 1996). Coordination reactions occur in dilute pulp mixtures at the wet end of the paper machine, as well as in the press and dryer sections. In fact, coordination reactions in the press and dryer sections, with elevated temperatures and higher concentrations of species, are probably more important to the sizing process than reactions occurring in dilute solutions (Biermann 1996). igher concentrations of constituents allow more opportunities for bonding, and higher temperatures may allow for a more even distribution of the size throughout the sheet due to a sintering effect (Gess 1989). Furthermore, the oxo bridges most likely form in the press and dryer sections of the paper machine (Biermann 1996). ther theories, or modifications of existing theories, for alum-rosin chemistry also exist. For example, Gess (1989) proposed mechanisms of alum-rosin chemistry to explain differences observed in paper sized with rosin acid emulsion and paper sized with rosin soaps. The observed differences include: Size regression (i.e., gradual loss of size over time) Size migration in rolls of paper at elevated temperatures Size migration from sized paper to adjacent unsized paper Long-Term Effects of Alum-Rosin Size The acidity associated with alum is known to have long term degradative effects on paper. In the presence of moisture, acidic paper undergoes acid hydrolysis causing scission of cellulose chains. Acid hydrolysis accounts for approximately 90% of chemical deterioration in paper. The mechanism for acid hydrolysis of cellulose is shown in Figures 7, 8, and 9 on the following page (Smook 1982; Smith 1990). 10
11 C 2 C 2 n + + Fast Equilibrium Figure 7. Cellulose in contact with acid ( + ). + C 2 C 2 n + 2 Figure 8. ydrogen ion attaches to the oxygen atom between glucose units, removing an electron from the adjacent carbon. C 2 Covalent Bond Broken C Figure 9. Scission of cellulose chain. As shown in Figure 9, a hydrogen ion is released each time scission occurs. This hydrogen ion is then able to catalyze the hydrolysis process again. As cellulose molecules become shorter and shorter due to hydrolysis, the paper becomes weaker and weaker. After one half to one percent of the cellulose molecules are broken, the paper is significantly weakened (ollinger 1984). 11
12 Conclusion istorically, alum-rosin sizing of paper was a very common method to impart resistance to liquid absorption. Although the method was very effective for its intended purpose, the method is deleterious to the long-term chemical stability of paper. Paper containing alum-rosin size is susceptible to hydrolysis due to the acidity caused by alum. Fortunately, most paper manufactured today is produced by neutral or alkaline processes and, therefore, is not as susceptible to hydrolysis reactions. owever, important historical papers containing alum-rosin size require proper care to reduce the harmful effects of acidity. 12
13 REFERENCES Arnson, T.R The chemistry of aluminum salts in papermaking. Tappi 65: Au, C.. and Thorn, I., ed Applications of wet-end paper chemistry. Glasgow: Chapman & all. Barrow Research Laboratory, W.J Permanence/durability of the book-vii physical and chemical properties of book papers, Richmond: W.J. Barrow Research Laboratory. Biermann, C.J andbook of pulping and papermaking. San Diego: Academic Press. Budavari, S. ed The merck index. Rahway: Merck & Co., Inc. Casey, J.P., ed Pulp and paper - chemistry and chemical technology, Volume III. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Church, R.W., ed Deterioration of book stock - causes and remedies. Richmond: Virginia State Library. Final Report to Congress on the Joint Resolution to Establish a National Policy on Permanent Papers [transmitted to Congress Dec. 31, 1995]. Gess, J.M Rosin sizing of papermaking fibers. Tappi 72: Green, S An outline history of sizing methods with special reference to practices at ayle Mill. Conference papers manchester 1992, Third International Institute of Paper Conservation Conference, Manchester ollinger, William K The chemical structure and acid deterioration of paper. Library i Tech. 1(4): unter, D Papermaking - the history and technique of an ancient craft. New York: Dover Publications. Kusterer, J.E. and Sproull, R.C U.S. Patent No. 3,771,958. November 13, Roberts, J.C The chemistry of paper. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Smith, R.D Deacidification technologies: state of the art. In Paper preservation: current issues and recent developments, ed. P. Luner. Atlanta: TAPPI
14 Smook, G.A andbook for pulp & paper technologists. Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry. REFERENCES (Continued) TAPPI Internal sizing of paper and paperboard, TAPPI Monograph Series No. 33, Atlanta: TAPPI Press. Tappi Journal Alkaline papermaking seminar. Tappi Journal November 1982: 152. Walken, S.A Permanence and durability of paper. In Paper preservation: current issues and recent developments, ed. P. Luner. Atlanta: TAPPI
Lec.1 Chemistry Of Water
Lec.1 Chemistry Of Water Biochemistry & Medicine Biochemistry can be defined as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life. Biochemistry can be described as the science concerned with the chemical
More informationEffects of Process Variables on Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC)-Rosin Sizing Performance under Neutral Papermaking Conditions
4302 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 4302 4307 Effects of Process Variables on Poly-Aluminum Chloride (PAC)-Rosin Sizing Performance under Neutral Papermaking Conditions Yahya Hamzeh,*, Mohammad Hassan
More informationDESIGN OF POLYMERIC DISPERSANTS FOR LOW AND NO VOC APPLICATIONS
DESIGN OF POLYMERIC DISPERSANTS FOR LOW AND NO VOC APPLICATIONS Jeff Norris, Tom Annable, Matt Dunn, Antonio Lopez Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. USA PIGMENT DISPERSION AND STABILIZATION Polymeric dispersants
More informationChemistry: The Central Science. Chapter 16: Acid-Base Equilibria. 16.1: Acids and Bases: A Brief Review
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 16: Acid-Base Equilibria 16.1: Acids and Bases: A Brief Review Acids have a sour taste and cause certain dyes to change color Base have a bitter taste and feel slippery
More informationH O H. Chapter 3: Outline-2. Chapter 3: Outline-1
Chapter 3: utline-1 Molecular Nature of Water Noncovalent Bonding Ionic interactions van der Waals Forces Thermal Properties of Water Solvent Properties of Water ydrogen Bonds ydrophilic, hydrophobic,
More informationL-17 Coagulation and Flocculation Part-I. Environmental Engineering-I
L-17 Coagulation and Flocculation Part-I Environmental Engineering-I Content Part-I Coagulation, Types of Coagulant, Part-II dosing, rapid mixing, Flocculation-design parameters. Purpose The primary purpose
More informationAN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF DEVELOPING NEW SIZING TECHNOLOGIES. First, a thermodynamic analysis was carried out upon a
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jinfeng Zhuang for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Products Presented on May 2. 1995 Title : UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF ROSIN SIZING AND DEVELOPING NEW SIZING
More informationWe quickly accept that different grades will probably require different settings for the coating chemistry to achieve the desired properties.
By John Stitt Buckman Laboratories International, Inc. Memphis, TN, U.S.A. Key Words Charge control, creping, retention, adhesion, release, softness, machine efficiency, blade life ABSTRACT Control of
More informationSPECIALTY MONOMERS FOR ENHANCED FUNCTIONALITY IN EMULSION POLYMERIZATION
SPECIALTY MONOMERS FOR ENHANCED FUNCTIONALITY IN EMULSION POLYMERIZATION Pierre Hennaux, Nemesio Martinez-Castro, Jose P. Ruiz, Zhihua Zhang and Michael D. Rhodes Solvay Inc. Centre for Research & Technology-
More informationACIDS AND BASES. Note: For most of the acid-base reactions, we will be using the Bronsted-Lowry definitions.
DEFINITIONS: ACIDS AND BASES Arrhenius Definition An acid in aqueous solution produces H + ions. A base in aqueous solution produces OH - ions. Bronsted Lowry Theory An acid is a proton donor A base is
More informationChapter 02 The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water
Chapter 02 The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water Multiple Choice Questions 1. The atomic number of an atom is A. the number of protons in the atom. B. the number of neutrons in the
More informationArrhenius base is one that dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions.
Chemistry Notes: Acids and Bases Arrhenius base is one that dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions. Arrhenius acid is on that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (protons). A Bronsted-Lowry
More informationNORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. Honors Biology I
NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biochemistry Honors Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: Period: Seat #: Date: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE Honors Biology I Unit
More informationPapermaking Chemistry
Papermaking Science and Technology a book series covering the latest technology and future trends Book 4 Papermaking Chemistry Second Edition Totally updated version Book editor Raimo Alén, Dr.Tech., Professor,
More informationChapter 16. Acid-Base Equilibria
Chapter 16. Acid-Base Equilibria 16.1 Acids and Bases: A Brief Review Acids taste sour and cause certain dyes to change color. Bases taste bitter and feel soapy. Arrhenius concept of acids and bases: An
More informationTopic 5.5 REACTIONS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SOLUTION. Lewis Acids and Bases Hydrated Metal Cations Reactions of Complex Ions
Topic 5.5 REACTINS F INRGANIC CMPUNDS IN SLUTIN Lewis Acids and Bases ydrated Metal Cations Reactions of Complex Ions LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES A Lewis acid is a species which can bond by accepting a lone
More informationACTIVATED BLEACHING CLAY FOR THE FUTURE. AndrevJ Torok ThomaE D Thomp~on Georgia Kaolin Company Elizabeth, New JerEey
PREPRINT NUMBER 71-H-22 ACTIVATED BLEACHING CLAY FOR THE FUTURE AndrevJ Torok ThomaE D Thomp~on Georgia Kaolin Company Elizabeth, New JerEey ThiE paper is to be preeented at the AIME CENTENNIAL ANNUAL
More informationChapter-2 (Page 22-37) Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
Chapter-2 (Page 22-37) Physical and Chemical Properties of Water Introduction About 70% of the mass of the human body is water. Water is central to biochemistry for the following reasons: 1- Biological
More informationJEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS CHM112 GENERAL CHEMISTRY II. 5 Credit Hours. Prepared by: Richard A. Pierce. Revised Date: August 2009 by Sean Birke
JEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS CHM112 GENERAL CHEMISTRY II 5 Credit Hours Prepared by: Richard A. Pierce Revised Date: August 2009 by Sean Birke Arts & Science Education Dr. Mindy Selsor, Dean CHM112
More informationMatter and Substances Section 3-1
Matter and Substances Section 3-1 Key Idea: All matter is made up of atoms. An atom has a positively charges core surrounded by a negatively charged region. An atom is the smallest unit of matter that
More informationElectrical Conductivity in Solutions
Electrical Conductivity in Some substances conduct electricity and some cannot. The conductivity of a substance is described as its ability to conduct an electric current. The conductivity of a substance
More informationControl of Sticky Material in Paper Machines Systems
Control of Sticky Material in Paper Machines Systems Taiwan TAPPI Seminar 6 th March 2013 Arnold Bulley/James Hsiao Amazon Papyrus Chemicals Introduction Pitch (wood-derived) and Sticky materials (synthetic
More information2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY
1 2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY Although most students of human physiology have had at least some chemistry, this chapter serves very well as a review and as a glossary of chemical terms. In particular,
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY BIOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATION? MATTER. elements into the order and appearance we now
BIOCHEMISTRY MR. HULSE BVHS BIOLOGY MATTER Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass Lacked clarity and flow BIOCHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION Biochemistry study of chemical and physiological process
More information"Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking" Edited by Jerome Gess TABLE OF CONTENTS
"Retention of Fines and Fillers During Papermaking" Edited by Jerome Gess 1998. 358 pages, hard cover Item Number: 0102B063 ISBN: 0-89852-966-5 This comprehensive text covers all aspects of retention of
More informationProtein separation and characterization
Address:800 S Wineville Avenue, Ontario, CA 91761,USA Website:www.aladdin-e.com Email USA: tech@aladdin-e.com Email EU: eutech@aladdin-e.com Email Asia Pacific: cntech@aladdin-e.com Protein separation
More informationSPG Suppliers to the Paper Industry
Specialty Chemicals for the Paper Industry a p e r M a c h i n e S p e c i a l t y C h e m i c a l s P Pitch Control Felt Treatment Conditioning Wire Passivators Scale Control Biological Control Stickie
More informationGuided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry
Name: Date: Block: Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life I. Concept 2.1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules a. Atoms Guided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry i. Atom: _ ii. (They are SUPER small! It would take 3 million carbon
More informationBasic Chemistry. Chapter 2 BIOL1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos
Basic Chemistry Chapter 2 BIOL1000 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos Chapter 2 Objectives Following this chapter, you should be able to describe: - Atoms, molecules, and ions - Composition and properties - Types of
More informationCREATING TOMORROW S SOLUTIONS HEAT-SEALABLE COATINGS I PRINTING INKS I INDUSTRIAL COATINGS VINNOL SURFACE COATING RESINS PRODUCT OVERVIEW
CREATING TOMORROW S SOLUTIONS HEAT-SEALABLE COATINGS I PRINTING INKS I INDUSTRIAL COATINGS VINNOL SURFACE COATING RESINS PRODUCT OVERVIEW 1 Viscosity Flexibility Thermal-activation temperature Solubility
More informationWater Soluble Polymers For Industrial Water Treatment Applications
Water Soluble Polymers For Industrial Water Treatment Applications Presented By Technical Sales Jim Millard Course Objectives Explain what water soluble polymers are. Describe the 4 physical forms commonly
More informationCALCIUM HYDROXIDE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ALKALI FOR THE OXYGEN BLEACHING STAGE OF KRAFT PULP
CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ALKALI FOR THE OXYGEN BLEACHING STAGE OF KRAFT PULP K. DÖLLE and B. BAJRAMI State University of New York (SUNY), College of Environmental
More informationAcids and Bases. Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides. Exit
Acids and Bases Section 18.1 Introduction to Acids and Bases Section 18.2 Strengths of Acids and Bases Section 18.3 Hydrogen Ions and ph Section 18.4 Neutralization Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view
More information`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø
`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø Element pure substance only one kind of atom Ø Living things
More informationSince Q>Ksp, precipitation will occur!
198 Precipitation - also known as the reaction quotient To predict whether a salt at a given concentration will precipitate out, calculate the reaction quotient Q and compare it to the Ksp Example: IF...
More informationNew types of silicone resin open up wider fields of application. By Marco Heuer, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH.
50 SILICONE RESINS Source: by-studio - Fotolia.com TAKING THE HEAT New types of silicone resin open up wider fields of application. By Marco Heuer, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH. The properties of the
More informationChemistry: Soap Article
Chemistry: Soap Article Name: 1. What is the oldest chemical reaction known? 2. How was soap probably first discovered? Explain. 3. How was lye tested to see if it was the correct concentration for soapmaking?
More informationWater Quality - Condensed Version 1999
9.0 COAGULATION Virtually all surface water sources contain turbidity. ost of the suspended matter in water are present as finally divided or colloidal particles and these do not settle due to gravitational
More informationChapter Two Test Chemistry. 1. If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is A. 1 C. 12 B. 11 D. 23
Name Chapter Two Test Chemistry 1. If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is A. 1 C. 12 B. 11 D. 23 2. The nucleus is made up of all of the following: A. Electrons C. Protons
More informationINDBOND 3000 Dry Strength Resin for Paper
INDBOND 3000 Dry Strength Resin for Paper INDBOND 3000 Dry Strength Resins are specially formulated polymers designed for better paper making and to improve strength characteristics like burst factor,
More informationSRI DEVI LIQUIDS. (A Unit of Sri Devi Group) Product: CNSL
TECHNICAL DATE SHEET (TDS) Introduction Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is one of the sources of naturally occurring phenols. It is obtained from the shell of a cashew nut. About 30-35% CNSL is present
More informationTECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS TO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS
TECHNOLOGIES THAT TRANSFORM POLLUTANTS TO INNOCUOUS COMPONENTS: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS HUANG Xia Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China Keywords: Pollutants, Innocuous Components, Chemical
More informationWater - HW. PSI Chemistry
Water - HW PSI Chemistry Name 1) In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A) hydrogen bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic
More informationThe Chemical principles of Coloration
Chapter 2-3 Introduction The Chemical principles of Coloration A single atoms consists of a central core or nucleus which contains numbers of positively charged particles(protons) and uncharged particles(neutrons)
More informationvoltmeter salt bridge
2012 H2 Chemistry Preliminary Examination Paper 3 Solutions 1 1 (a) (i) 4FeCr 2 O 4 + 8Na 2 CO 3 + 7O 2 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8Na 2 CrO 4 + 8CO 2 a = 8, b = 7, c = 2, d = 8, e = 8 Any dilute acid e.g. dilute H 2
More informationVOCABULARY. Set #2. Set #1
VOCABULARY Set #1 1. Absolute zero 2. Accepted value 3. Accuracy 4. Celsius scale 5. Conversion factor 6. Density 7. Dimensional analysis 8. Experimental value 9. Gram 10. International system of units
More informationAqueous Equilibria, Part 1 AP Chemistry Lecture Outline
Aqueous Equilibria, Part 1 AP Chemistry Lecture Outline Name: Acids and Bases Arrhenius...acids increase the when dissolved in H 2 O....bases increase the when dissolved in H 2 O. e.g., HCl and NaOH Bronsted-Lowry
More informationWater and solutions. Prof. Ramune Morkuniene, Biochemistry Dept., LUHS
Water and solutions Prof. Ramune Morkuniene, Biochemistry Dept., LUHS Characteristics of water molecule Hydrophylic, hydrophobic and amphipatic compounds Types of real solutions Electrolytes and non- electrolytes
More informationThe Biochemistry of Water
The Biochemistry of Water The Biochemistry of Water 2.3 Water, ph, and Buffers Water is the solvent of life All organisms are composed primarily of water, such that most eukaryotic organisms are about
More informationCu 2+ (aq) + 4NH 3(aq) = Cu(NH 3) 4 2+ (aq) I (aq) + I 2(aq) = I 3 (aq) Fe 3+ (aq) + 6H 2O(l) = Fe(H 2O) 6 3+ (aq) Strong acids
There are three definitions for acids and bases we will need to understand. Arrhenius Concept: an acid supplies H + to an aqueous solution. A base supplies OH to an aqueous solution. This is the oldest
More informationContents. 1 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement 1. 2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory Chemical Compounds Chemical Reactions 111
Ed: Pls provide art About the Authors Preface xvii xvi 1 Matter: Its Properties and Measurement 1 1-1 The Scientific Method 2 1-2 Properties of Matter 4 1-3 Classification of Matter 5 1-4 Measurement of
More informationChapter 2 The Chemistry of Biology. Dr. Ramos BIO 370
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Biology Dr. Ramos BIO 370 2 Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules Matter - all materials that occupy space and have mass Matter is composed of atoms. Atom simplest form of matter not divisible
More informationDownloaded from
I.I.T.Foundation - XI Chemistry MCQ #10 Time: 45 min Student's Name: Roll No.: Full Marks: 90 Solutions I. MCQ - Choose Appropriate Alternative 1. Molarity is the number of moles of a solute dissolved
More informationBonding and Dynamics. Outline Bonding and Dynamics Water Interactions Self Ionization of Water Homework
Liquid Water Structure In liquid water, most of the water molecules have the same local environment as in ice but the long range structure of ice disappears due to motion of the molecules. Bonds between
More informationTopic 4.8 AMINO ACIDS. Structure Acid-Base Properties Condensation Reactions Proteins
Topic 4.8 AMI AIDS Structure Acid-Base Properties ondensation eactions Proteins STUTUE F AMI AIDS Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group and a carboxylic acid group. aturally occurring amino
More informationequipment used commercially in processing these Materials, Inc. s direct control. THE SELLER MAKES NO reliable, but no representations, guarantees or
PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN Pharmaceutical Bulletin 6 Edition: May 31, 2011 Previous Editions: May 11, 2004 / October 29, 2008 Thickening Properties Effective ph Range In most liquid systems, Carbopol * polymers
More informationLAB 05 Enzyme Action
LAB 05 Enzyme Action Objectives: Name the substrate and products of the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction. To understand the terms: enzyme, activation energy, active site, ph, and denaturation. Distinguish
More informationChemistry in Biology Section 1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Name Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Date Main Idea Details Scan the headings and boldfaced words in Section 1 of the chapter. Predict two things that you think might be discussed.
More informationChapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body
Chapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body 1. In an atom, the number of Student: A. Protons always equals the number of neutrons B. Of protons always equals the number of electrons C. Of neutrons always
More informationStudent Achievement. Chemistry 12
Student Achievement Chemistry 12 Key Elements: Reaction Kinetics Estimated Time: 14 16 hours By the end of this course, students will be able to explain the significance of reaction rates, demonstrate
More informationAtoms, Molecules, and Life
1 Atoms, Molecules, and Life The Nature of Matter: Atoms and Molecules Elements All matter is composed of chemical elements, substances that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical
More informationFull file at Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions
Chapter 2 Water: The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions SUMMARY Section 2.1 Summary Water is a polar molecule, with a partial negative charge on the oxygen and partial positive charges on the hydrogens.
More informationWater Hardness and Softening (Bring a water sample from home) Minneapolis Community and Technical College Principles of Chemistry II, C1152 v.2.
Water Hardness and Softening (Bring a water sample from home) Minneapolis Community and Technical College Principles of Chemistry II, C1152 v.2.16 I. Introduction Hard Water and Water Softening Water that
More information(c) Dr. Payal B. Joshi
Polymer (Greek: poly=many; mer=part) Made up of large molecules characterized by repeating units called monomers held together by covalent bonds Functionality To act as monomer, it must have at least two
More informationVANDERBILTMinerals. Published Articles, Papers and Presentations
Distributed in the Interest of Product Development VANDERBILTMinerals Published Articles, Papers and Presentations Vanderbilt Minerals, LLC, 33 Winfield Street, P.O. Box 5150, Norwalk, CT 06856-5150 Telephone:
More informationAdvanced TRS - ZEOLITE IN A COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION
Advanced TRS - ZEOLITE IN A COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION The need for this product is summarized in the following graphic Since this data was collected the numbers of deaths have gone up yearly. 25 MARCH 2014
More informationTheory of Flocculation Reprint with Authorization by David L. Forbes
TECHNICAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION & STRATEGY FOR THE FACILITY MANAGER Theory of Flocculation Reprint with Authorization by David L. Forbes Introduction The efficiency of most solid/liquid separation processes
More informationScience 1206 Ch. 3 - Chemical names, formulas and equations
Science 1206 Ch. 3 - Chemical names, formulas and equations 3.1 - Ionic and molecular compounds (pp. 98-107) Compounds A compound is a pure substance made of a combination of elements. The elements are
More informationChapter 9 Lesson 1: Substances and Mixtures
Chapter 9 Lesson 1: Substances and Mixtures Vocabulary -Substance -Heterogeneous mixture -Mixture -Homogeneous mixture -Solution Matter: Substances and Mixtures How do compounds and mixtures differ? Because
More informationBIOLOGY 101. CHAPTER 3: Water and Life: The Molecule that supports all Live
BIOLOGY 101 CHAPTER 3: Water and Life: The Molecule that supports all Live The Molecule that Supports all Life CONCEPTS: 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding 3.2 Four
More informationChapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria
Page 1 of 20 Chapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria 16.1 Acids and Bases: A Brief Review Acids: taste sour and cause certain dyes to change color. Bases: taste bitter and feel soapy. Arrhenius concept o acids
More informationChapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Nomenclature: In carboxylic acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides, the parent is the carboxylic acid. In each case be sure
More information12U Biochemistry Unit Test
1 12U Biology: Biochemistry Test 12U Biochemistry Unit Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
More informationChapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases SAMPLE. Chapter Outline
Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases Chapter utline I. Polar covalent bonds (Sections 2.1 2.3). A. Electronegativity (Section 2.1). 1. Although some bonds are totally ionic and some are totally
More informationACRYSOL TT-935 Rheology Modifier
Technical Data Sheet ACRYSOL TT-935 Rheology Modifier Description ACRYSOL TT-935 Rheology Modifier offers a low cost/high performance alternative to cellulosic thickeners in interior flat to semigloss
More informationToday. Turn in your syllabus/get your DE syllabus (if applicable) Get out a sheet of paper for your worm quiz and a sheet of paper to take notes!
Today Turn in your syllabus/get your DE syllabus (if applicable) Get out a sheet of paper for your worm quiz and a sheet of paper to take notes! 1 Worm Lab Quiz! Number and write answer only on a sheet
More informationOverview of Maleic-Anhydride-Grafted Polyolefin Coupling Agents
Overview of Maleic-Anhydride-Grafted Polyolefin Coupling Agents A guide to understanding their uses, benefits, functions, selection, and developments Louis W. Martin, Addcomp North America Inc. Fundamentals
More informationAtomic weight = Number of protons + neutrons
1 BIOLOGY Elements and Compounds Element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Essential elements are chemical elements required for an organism to survive,
More informationLiquid Polybutadienes and Derivatives
Liquid Polybutadienes and Derivatives Coatings & Colorants Product Range Our polyoils and derivatives are stereospecific, lowviscosity and unsaponifiable liquid polybutadienes having a high 1.4-cis double
More informationWhat we learn from Chap 17
Acids and Bases hapter 17 What we learn from hap 17 17.2 This chapter concerns the nature and uses of acids and bases. It is the second in our three-chapter h discussion i about equilibrium, and reinforces
More informationChapter 3. Water: Supports All Life. Hydrogen Bonding of water. Slide 1 / 44. Slide 2 / 44. Slide 3 / 44. Slide 4 / 44. Slide 6 / 44.
hapter 3 Slide 1 / 44 Slide 2 / 44 Water: Supports ll Life Water and the Fitness of the nvironment Water is the biological medium on arth ll living organisms require water more than any other substance
More informationPersonalised Learning Checklists Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Paper 1
Edexcel (combined) Chemistry Topics (1SC0) from 2016 - Paper 1 (Topic 1 parts a&b) Topic Student Checklist R A G Describe how the Dalton model of an atom has changed over time because of the discovery
More informationLecture 21 Cations, Anions and Hydrolysis in Water:
2P32 Principles of Inorganic Chemistry Dr. M. Pilkington Lecture 21 Cations, Anions and ydrolysis in Water: 1. ydration.energy 2. ydrolysis of metal cations 3. Categories of acidity and observable behavior
More informationSaba Al Fayoumi. Tamer Barakat. Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan
1 Saba Al Fayoumi Tamer Barakat Dr. Mamoun Ahram + Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan What is BIOCHEMISTRY??? Biochemistry = understanding life Chemical reactions are what makes an organism (An organism is simply atoms
More informationLet s Review Bonding. Chapter 3 Water and Life 7/19/2016 WATER AND SOLUTIONS. Properties of Water
Let s Review Bonding Chapter 3 Water and Life Covalent Ionic Hydrogen Van der Waals Interactions Between nonmetals Between metal and non-metal All important to life H bonds to other electronegative atoms
More information15 THE TRANSITION METALS
15 THE TRANSITION METALS What is the difference between a d-block element and a transition element? Clue: Sc and Zn are not transition elements (see next slide) Write the electronic configurations of the
More informationTopics to Expect: Periodic Table: s, p, d, f blocks Metal, Metalloid, Non metal, etc. Periodic Trends, Family names Electron Configuration: Orbitals a
Chemistry Final Exam Review and Practice Chapters Covered ESSENTIALLY CUMMULATIVE List of Chapters: Ch: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20 Topics to Expect: Periodic Table: s, p, d, f blocks Metal,
More informationCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES
Seminar_2 1. Chemical compounds and their characteristic properties. 2. Types of chemical bonds (theses). 3. Basic types of complex compounds (theses). 4. Stability of complex compounds. TEST 2_ Chemical
More informationGCSE OCR Revision Chemistry. GCSE OCR Revision Chemistry. GCSE OCR Revision Chemistry. Bonding. GCSE OCR Revision Chemistry
Particle Model and Atomic Structure The following symbols describe two different substances. Deduce all the information you can from these symbols. 13 C 12 6 6 C 1 Particle Model and Atomic Structure The
More informationChapter 2: Fundamentals of Chemistry. Question Type: Multiple Choice. 1) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Microbiology Principles and Explorations 9th Edition Black TEST BANK Full clear download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/microbiology-principles-explorations- 9th-edition-black-test-bank/ Microbiology
More informationLiquid Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography 1. Introduction and Column Packing Material 2. Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography 3. Method Development 4. Column Preparation 5. General Instrumental aspects 6. Detectors
More informationThe Chemistry and Energy of Life
2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Key Concepts 2.1 Atomic Structure Is the Basis for Life s Chemistry 2.2 Atoms Interact and Form Molecules 2.3 Carbohydrates
More informationMethod of modifying weather
Page 1 of 8 Method of modifying weather Abstract ( 6 of 42 ) United States Patent 6,315,213 Cordani November 13, 2001 A method for artificially modifying the weather by seeding rain clouds of a storm with
More informationChapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases. Chapter Outline
rganic Chemistry 9th Edition McMurry SLUTINS MANUAL Full clear download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/organic-chemistry-9th-edition-mcmurrysolutions-manual/ rganic Chemistry 9th Edition McMurry
More informationcorrelated to the Maryland Core Learning Goals Concepts of Chemistry
correlated to the Maryland Core Learning Goals Concepts of Chemistry McDougal Littell World of Chemistry correlated to the Concepts of Chemistry Goal 4 Concepts of Chemistry The student will demonstrate
More informationBIOCHEMISTRY The Chemical Context of Life
BIOCHEMISTRY The Chemical Context of Life The Elements of Life C. HOPKINS CaFe About 20 25% of the 92 elements are essential to life Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter
More informationChemistry in Biology. Section 1. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Section 1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Atoms! Chemistry is the study of matter.! Atoms are the building blocks of matter.! Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom.! Protons are positively
More informationWater and the Fitness of the Environment
Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment Edited by Shawn Lester PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin
More informationChap 16 Chemical Equilibrium HSU FUYIN
Chap 16 Chemical Equilibrium HSU FUYIN 1 Definitions: Arrhenius & Brønsted Lowry acid and base Arrhenius theory: An acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen
More informationAcid Dissociation Constant
CE 131 Lecture 37 Lewis Acids and Bases Chapter 16: pp. 800-802. Acid Dissociation Constant C 2 3 2 + 2 3 + + C 2 3-2 [ 3 + ][C 2 3-2 ] K = [ 2 ][C 2 3 2 ] [ 3 + ][C 2 3-2 ] K a = K [ 2 ] = [C 2 3 2 ]
More information