SUBSTANCES VS. MIXTURES
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- Everett Fitzgerald
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1 SUBSTANCES VS. MIXTURES The properties of compounds are quite different than the properties of their individual elements How can we distinguish between substances and mixtures? This is difficult based solely on appearance. Ø Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) and substances both appear to contain only one type of matter
2 SUBSTANCES VS. MIXTURES Sometimes you can decide by considering whether there is more than one version of the material in question ØWhole milk, low-fat milk, no-fat milk, light cream, heavy cream, etc. From this information you can deduce that milk and cream are mixtures and they differ in the amount of fat they contain If the composition of a material is fixed, the material is a substance. If the composition may vary, the material is a mixture.
3 SUBSTANCES VS. MIXTURES
4 SYMBOLS & FORMULAS Chemical symbols are used as a shorthand way to represent elements and chemical formulas are used to represent compounds Each element is represented by a one- or two-letter chemical symbol, which are based on the Latin names of elements & can be found on the Periodic Table of Elements
5 SYMBOLS & FORMULAS Symbols and Latin Names for Some Elements Name Symbol Latin name Sodium Na natrium Potassium K kalium Antimony Sb stibium Copper Cu cuprum Gold Au aurum Silver Ag argentum Iron Fe ferrum Lead Pb plumbum Tin Sn stannum
6 SYMBOLS & FORMULAS Subscripts in chemical formulas tell you how many of each type of element are in the compound ØWater: H 2 O ØSucrose: C 12 H 22 O 11 ØCaffeine: C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 ØTetrahydrocannabinol: C 21 H 30 O 2 Recall that a compound has a fixed composition
7 PREVIEW TO THE PERIODIC TABLE The elements are arranged into groups based on a set of repeating properties Allows you to easily compare the properties of one element (or group of elements) to another Elements are listed from left to right and top to by increasing atomic number, a number that is unique to each element
8 PREVIEW TO THE PERIODIC TABLE Group Period
9 PREVIEW TO THE PERIODIC TABLE Within a period there is a pattern of properties that repeats as you move to the next period Each group is identified by a number followed by A or B ØGroups ending in A contain the representative elements Elements within a group have similar chemical and physical properties Much more to come in Ch. 6!
10 Chapter 2 Matter and Change 2.1 Properties of Matter 2.2 Mixtures 2.3 Elements and Compounds 2.4 Chemical Reactions
11 CHEMICAL CHANGES The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a chemical property Words such as burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, and corrode usually signify a chemical change ØThe ability to rust is a chemical property of iron
12 CHEMICAL CHANGES Chemical properties can only be observed when a substance undergoes a chemical change, but these can be used to help identify an unknown substance Unlike a physical chance, during a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes
13 PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGES Charcoal being broken into smaller pieces is a physical change When the charcoal is heated and burned, a chemical change occurs
14 CHEMICAL CHANGES A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction ØOne or more substances change(s) into one or more new substances during a chemical reaction (rxn) ØReactant: a substance present at the start of a chemical rxn ØProduct: a substance produced in a chemical rxn In burning coal: carbon + oxygen à carbon dioxide
15 CHEMICAL CHANGES Clues that a chemical rxn has taken place might include: ØA transfer of energy ØA change in color ØProduction of a gas (observed as bubbles) ØFormation of a precipitate: a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture Some of these clues may be indicative of a physical change, such as bubbles forming when water is boiled To be sure, the composition of a substance must be tested before and after the observed change
16 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS During any chemical rxn, then mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants ØThis is also true during physical changes ØMass can neither be created nor destroyed Even true in burning a large pile of wood down to ashes. Why?
17 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS Easy to observe in a closed system
18 CHAPTER 2 WRAP-UP Every sample of a given substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas Physical changes can be reversible or irreversible Mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous, based on the distribution of components Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures
19 CHAPTER 2 WRAP-UP Matter is made of elements & compounds, which may undergo physical or chemical changes Elements and compounds are pure substances but can be physically combined to make heterogeneous or homogeneous mixtures During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes During any physical change or chemical rxn, mass is always conserved
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