Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
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1 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 1 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
2 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 2 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
3 Energy conservation 3 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Energy cannot be created or destroyed. This means there is no change in the amount of energy in the universe at the end of a reaction. The energy is conserved. During a chemical reaction, changes in energy can be observed in a system and its surroundings. reactants The energy can be converted into a different form, such as heat, which is released to the environment. heat The amount of energy released is equal to the difference in energy between reactants and products. products
4 Exothermic and endothermic reactions 4 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 When chemical reactions occur, energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. What are exothermic and endothermic reactions? Exothermic reactions release energy the temperature increases: ex = out (as in exit ) thermic = relating to heat. Endothermic reactions absorb energy the temperature decreases: en = in (as in entrance ). Most chemical reactions are exothermic.
5 Temperature change in reactions 5 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
6 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 6 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
7 7 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Exothermic reactions Exothermic reactions release thermal energy (heat) into their surroundings. Exothermic reactions can occur spontaneously and some are explosive. What are some examples? Many oxidation reactions, including combustion. Neutralisation of acids with alkalis. Reactions of metals with acids. The Thermite process, used to weld steel. Everyday uses such as self-heating cans and hand warmers.
8 Exothermic or endothermic? (1) 8 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
9 Exothermic reactions: energy transfer 9 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What happens to the energy in the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid? No external heat source is used so the heat released during the reaction must come from the reactants. During the reaction, chemical energy in the reactants is converted to thermal energy (heat). This causes the temperature of the reaction mixture to rise. This thermal energy is eventually lost to the surroundings and the temperature of the reaction mixture returns to normal.
10 Exothermic reactions: energy levels 10 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
11 Choosing a fuel 11 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The combustion of fuel is an exothermic reaction, it releases useable energy. Looking at the table below, which fuel would you choose to run a car? fuel petroleum natural gas ethanol coal energy released (kj/g) Generally, the more energy released, the better the fuel.
12 Controlling reactions 12 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Why is it useful to know if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Many industrial processes release heat. If uncontrolled, these highly exothermic reactions can lead to overheating and large explosions! In order to allow the correct safety precautions to be put in place, manufacturers must know the total amount of energy released during a process. Coolants and ventilation are often used to control reaction temperatures.
13 Exothermic reactions: summary 13 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
14 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 14 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
15 Endothermic reactions 15 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Endothermic reactions absorb thermal energy, and so cause a decrease in temperature. What are some examples? Thermal decomposition, e.g. of calcium carbonate in a blast furnace. Photosynthesis. The reaction of citric acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda). Some sports injury packs. Sherbet!
16 Exothermic or endothermic? (2) 16 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
17 Endothermic reactions: energy transfer 17 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What happens to the energy in the reaction between ammonium nitrate and water? During the reaction, thermal energy from the reaction mixture is converted to chemical energy in the products. This causes the temperature of the reaction mixture to fall. Thermal energy from the surroundings is transferred to the reaction mixture, and the temperature eventually returns to normal.
18 Endothermic reactions: energy levels 18 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
19 Endothermic reactions: summary 19 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
20 Cooling down 20 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016 On a hot day, you can use endothermic reactions to help you cool down! Add some baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) to lemon juice, or other citric acid. What do you think will happen? The mixture will fizz and the temperature will decrease, giving you a refreshing drink without the need for ice! Why does the temperature of the liquid decrease?
21 Energy transfer: true or false? 21 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
22 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 22 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
23 Glossary 23 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
24 Multiple-choice quiz 24 of 24 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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