Atoms and Isotopes 1 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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1 Atoms and Isotopes 1 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
2 Atoms and Isotopes 2 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
3 How big is an atom? 3 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
4 What particles are atoms made of? 4 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Atoms are made up of three smaller particles: protons neutrons electrons The protons and neutrons exist in a dense core at the centre of the atom. This is called the nucleus. The electrons are spread out around the edge of the atom. They orbit the nucleus in layers called electron shells.
5 Mass and electrical charge 5 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 There are two properties of protons, neutrons and electrons that are especially important: mass electrical charge. particle proton neutron electron mass 1 1 almost 0 charge The atoms of an element have no overall charge, why is this?
6 How many protons? 6 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Each element has a fixed number of protons. All of the atoms of a particular element always contain the same number of protons. For example: hydrogen atoms always contain 1 proton carbon atoms always contain 6 protons. If the number of protons changes, then the atom becomes a different element. The number of protons in an atom is known as the atomic number or proton number. It is the smaller of the two numbers in most periodic tables.
7 The atomic number (proton number) 7 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are the atomic (proton) numbers of these elements? sodium 11 iron 26 tin 50 fluorine 9
8 What is the mass number? (1) 8 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Electrons have a mass of almost zero, which means that the mass of each atom results almost entirely from the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom s nucleus is the mass number. It is the larger of the two numbers in most periodic tables. atoms protons neutrons mass number hydrogen lithium aluminium
9 What is the mass number? (2) 9 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons What is the mass number of these atoms? Atoms Protons Neutrons helium 2 2 Mass number 4 copper cobalt iodine germanium
10 Building a nucleus 10 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
11 Atomic structure revision (1) 11 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
12 Atomic structure revision (2) 12 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 An ion is an atom, or a group of atoms, that has lost or gained electrons. This means that the number of electrons no longer equal the number of protons. Sodium (Na) can form a Na + ion. How many protons, electrons and neutrons does Na + have? Use the tile from the periodic table below to help you. 11 protons 12 neutrons 10 electrons Na + has a charge of +1 because it has lost one electron, and has one more proton than electrons.
13 Atoms and Isotopes 13 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
14 What is an isotope? 14 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Elements are made up of one type of atom, but the atoms of an element can come in slightly different forms. Although atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons, the number of neutrons they have can vary. Atoms that differ in this way are called isotopes. For example, two isotopes of carbon: mass number is different atomic number is the same
15 What are the isotopes of carbon? Most naturally-occurring carbon exists as carbon-12, about 1% is carbon-13 and a much smaller amount is carbon protons 6 protons 6 neutrons 7 neutrons 6 electrons 6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons 6 electrons How will this affect reactions involving carbon isotopes? 15 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
16 Properties of isotopes 16 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The isotopes of an element are virtually identical in their chemical reactions. This is because they all have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons. The uncharged neutrons make little difference to chemical properties, but do affect physical properties such as melting point and density. Natural samples of elements are often a mixture of isotopes.
17 17 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are the isotopes of hydrogen? Hydrogen-1 makes up the vast majority of the naturallyoccurring element, but two other isotopes exist. hydrogen 1 proton 0 neutrons 1 electron deuterium 1 proton 1 neutron 1 electron tritium 1 proton 2 neutrons 1 electron
18 What are the isotopes of chlorine? 18 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 About 75% of naturally-occurring chlorine is chlorine-35, and 25% is chlorine protons 18 neutrons 17 electrons 17 protons 20 neutrons 17 electrons
19 What are the isotopes of oxygen? 19 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Almost all naturally-occurring oxygen is oxygen-16, but about 0.2% is oxygen-18. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in each isotope below? oxygen-16 oxygen-18 8 protons 8 neutrons 8 electrons 8 protons 10 neutrons 8 electrons
20 Isotopes true of false? 20 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
21 Atoms and Isotopes 21 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
22 What is relative atomic mass? 22 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
23 Where are r.a.m. values found? 23 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The values of relative atomic mass (r.a.m.) are usually given in a data book or found in the periodic table, so you don t have to work them out or remember them all! relative atomic mass symbol atomic number When looking up r.a.m in the periodic table, remember that it is always the larger of the two numbers given.
24 Why isn t r.a.m. always a whole number? 24 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Relative atomic mass (r.a.m.) is not always a whole number. For example, the r.a.m. of chlorine is The standard r.a.m. value of each element is actually the average relative atomic mass, which takes all the isotopes of each element into account. Chlorine has two isotopes: chlorine-35 (75%) and chlorine-37 (25%). How do we calculate the average r.a.m of chlorine? average r.a.m. of chlorine = (35 75%) + (37 25%) = ( ) + ( ) = = 35.5
25 Calculating average r.a.m. from isotopes 25 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 To calculate the average r.a.m. of a mixture of isotopes, multiply the percentage of each isotope by its relative atomic mass and then add these together. Naturally-occurring bromine is composed of two isotopes: bromine-79 (50.5%) and bromine-81 (49.5%). What is the average r.a.m. of naturally-occurring bromine? average r.a.m. = ( %) + ( %) = ( ) + ( ) = = This figure can be rounded up.
26 Atoms and Isotopes 26 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
27 Glossary 27 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
28 Multiple-choice quiz 28 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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Atoms and Isotopes 1 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Atoms and Isotopes 1 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Atoms and Isotopes 2 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are atoms made of? 3 of 28 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Atoms are made up of three smaller particles: protons neutrons
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