Björn Lehnert. Search for double beta decays of palladium isotopes into excited states
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1 Search for double beta decays of palladium isotopes into excited states INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS 35th Course Erice 23/09/2013 Björn Lehnert Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik
2 Outline Why double beta decays into excited states Palladium 101 Three experiments... Outlook Experiments: 1. Felsenkeller 2. HADES 3. LNGS Physics Letters B (2011) Physical Review C 87, (2013) 2
3 Why DBD into excited states? Adds nuclear structure information Eventually helps constraining NME calculations for 0νββ ɣ ɣ Potential resonance enhancement for 0νECEC Convenient experimental signature (ɣ-lines) So far only discovered in 100 Mo (1995) and 150 Nd (2004) Compilation of 2nubb transitions Suhonen et al. Stoica et al. A.S. Barabash arxiv: (2007) 3
4 Why and why not Palladium? PHYSICAL REVIEW D 87, (R) (2013) 110 Pd is one out 11 DBD candidates with a Q-value above 2 MeV 110 Pd has the 2nd highest natural abundance 102 Pd is a double EC candidate But: Extremely expensive and no Pd detector technology 34
5 Protons Chart of Nuclei Palladium: 110 Pd and 102 Pd Neutrons Pd: 2νECEC, 2νECβ + nat abundance: 1.02 % Q-value: 1172 kev 110 Pd: 2νβ - β - nat abundance: % Q-value kev PRL 108, (2012)
6 Mass Parabola Decay Schemes: 110 Pd and 102 Pd 110 Cd and 102 Ru have excited 2 + and 0 + states Probability depends on phase space and spin (highest rate expected from 0 1+ ) Expected ɣ-cascade 110 Pd: & kev 102 Pd: & kev Idea: Measure sample with HPGe ɣ-spectroscopy in low background env. Use ɣ-lines from excited state transitions as experimental signatures Not sensitive to g.s. transitions; No separation between 2νββ and 0νββ 36
7 Palladium Sample (a) Pd block from unknown origin Contaminated with 241 Am Cleaned by C. HAFNER GmbH+Co. KG >99.95% purity (b) g Pd in 1cm x 1cm x 1mm plates (ρ eff =10.2 g/cm^3) 7
8 Physical Review C 87, (2013) Pd DBD Knowledge 110 Pd ground state 110 Pd Best & only experimental half-life limit for g.s. transition from 1952 No previous experimental limit for excited state transitions Theoretical expectations starting with half-lives O(10 23 ) for Pd Pd Pd 110 Pd No previous experimental limit No theoretical calculation 110 Pd Pd
9 Three Experiments The Palladium world tour: 1. Felsenkeller (Dresden, Germany) 2. HADES (Mol, Belgium) 3. LNGS (L Aquila, Italy) Applied Radiation and Isotopes 61 (2004)
10 VKTA Rossendorf - The Felsenkeller Built in 1982 in cavity of old brewery in Dresden, Germany Used to help decommissioning nuclear facilities 47 m Monzonite (120 m w.e.) μ-flux reduced by factor 20 DPG 2010, HK45 Up to 10 experimental HPGe setups in 2 chambers 10 11
11 The Detector HPGe Canberra 90 % efficiency Detector simulation with AMOS (Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 119 (2006) 479) 11
12 Analysis: Felsenkeller Physics Letters B (2011) B. Lehnert, K. Zuber 16.2 d measurement 13.0 kg y exposure Energy and efficiency calibration with 8 nuclides in SiO 2 sample geometry Correction for self-absorption with MC simulations with AMOS code 1.6 kev 815 kev 3.9 % FEP 815 kev Background model: Constant likelihood fit in side bands w/o ɣ-line Fit of gaussian signal can result in underfluctuation Limit calculation using Feldman-Cousins in single analysis bin Quoting half-life limit for ɣ-line with best limit No systematic uncertainties considered for limit Results: Lower T 1/2 limits (95 % CL) 110 Pd 0 1+ : > yr 110 Pd 2 1+ : > yr 102 Pd 0 1+ : > yr 102 Pd 2 1+ : > yr 12 8
13 HADES - High Activity Disposal Experimental Site Operated by SCK CEN in Mol, Belgium Used to study disposal of nuclear waste in clay IRMM low-background laboratory 175 m overburden (500 m w.e.) μ-flux reduced by factor
14 IRMM Sandwich Spectrometer Palladium sample 2 HPGe Canberra p-type with 80% and 90% efficiency; Muon-veto above detector Two DAQ: Multi parameter system in list mode (offline) MCA in histogram mode Detector simulation with EGS
15 Analysis: HADES Physical Review C 87, (2013) B. Lehnert, K. Zuber, E. Andreotti, M. Hult Analysis only with single detector spectra (no coincidence possible) 46.5 d measurement; 35.9 kg y exposure Analysis analog to Felsenkeller measurement Limits for all possible decay branches were calculated Limit of best decay branch was quoted as limit of decay mode 15
16 Full Spectra Comparison Pd: HADES-Felsenkeller Comparison cnts / d / kev 10 1 Felsenkeller HADES sum Ge6 (low) HADES Ge7 (up) HADES E[keV] 16
17 Region of Interests 102 Pd 110 Pd counts/bin Bg fit: 60.8 cts/roi (12.2 cts/bin) Obs cts: 69.6 cts/roi (13.9 cts/bin) FC upper limit: 29.3 cts (95% CL) ROI peak fraction: 0.89 counts/bin 18 Bg fit: 32.7 cts/roi (6.5 cts/bin) Obs cts: 31.3 cts/roi (6.3 cts/bin) FC upper limit: 12.4 cts (95% CL) ROI peak fraction: E [kev] E [kev] counts/bin Bg fit: 58.0 cts/roi (11.6 cts/bin) Obs cts: 70.2 cts/roi (14.0 cts/bin) FC upper limit: 33.7 cts (95% CL) ROI peak fraction: 0.89 counts/bin Bg fit: 25.2 cts/roi (5.0 cts/bin) Obs cts: 21.5 cts/roi (4.3 cts/bin) FC upper limit: 8.4 cts (95% CL) ROI peak fraction: E [kev] E [kev] 17
18 Background of Pd Sample Only 214 Pb and 214 Bi with measured activity Background dominated by environment and not by sample No indication for irreducible background of 110m Ag, 102 Rh, 102m Rh Improvement possible external bg reduction 18 7
19 New Half-Life Limits for 110 Pd and 102 Pd Limit improved by factor 3 for and state in 110 Pd Experimental limits for all possible excited state transitions in 110 Pd and 102Pd 19 7
20 LNGS 85 d with 4-HPGe LNGS μ-flux reduced by factor 10 6 Higher efficiency True coincidence analysis will reduce the background significantly Further measurement planed with Pd plates in thin layer around n-type HPGe: Detection of EC X-rays 10 20
21 Conclusions World first experimental limits for DBD into excited states in 110 Pd and 102 Pd Measurements in three state of the art underground gamma spectrometers Two measurements finished and published state 110 Pd >2.0 x ( )x state arxiv: Third analysis is ongoing Challenge: 3 orders of magnitude improvement if theory is right 110 Pd >1.7 x x
22 BACKUP
23 Angular Correlation Angular Correlation of 0+ -> 2+ -> 0+ Transitions probability theta in deg
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