301 Matter: Classification and States

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1 301 Matter: Classification and States Dr. Fred Omega Garces General Chemistry Chemistry 152 1

The Essence of Matter (review) Classification of

container, fix volume Gas- shape container, volume

2 The Essence of Matter (review) Classification of matter? Elements, compound, mixture,... Three (actually 4) states of matter. Solid-fix shape, fix volume Liquid- shape container, fix volume Gas- shape container, volume container Distinguishing physical & chemical properties. - Identity retain vs. new identity 2

3 Classification of Matter How is the universe classified? 3

4 Examples of Matter s Classification Here are some examples of minerals found on earth and how they each may be classified: Heterogeneous: Granite Muddy water Homogeneous Gold Alloy Compound Emerald Epson salt (MgSO 4 ) Element Silver Graphite 4

5 Consider the following: Determining Class of Matter Consider the following Substances -Classify each material and state phase of matter. -Come up with separation scheme. -Isolate the elements in water. Ethanol Charcoal Sand Water Sucrose (Sugar) 5

6 Elements and Compounds Elements, the Lego for compounds 6

Ethanol S 8 Sulfur CaCO 3 Chalk C 8 H 18 Octane Compound has

7 Compounds Pure substances made from two or more elements H 2 O Water NaCl Table Salt C 12 H 22 O 11 Sucrose C 2 H 5 OH Ethanol S 8 Sulfur CaCO 3 Chalk C 8 H 18 Octane Compound has unique properties which distinguish it from other chemicals 7

8 Mixtures Combinations of two or more substances Soda Sucrose/Water/CO 2 Salt Water NaCl/H 2 O Rock SiO 2, CaCO 3 Beer Ethanol/Water Rubber Sulfur/C n H xn Sand granite, SiO 2, chalk Gasoline C n H xn Mixtures can either be uniform throughout (Homogeneous) or non-uniform throughout (Heterogeneous) 8

9 Inherent differences - At the molecular level what is the difference between the class of matter? Need to distinguish difference via observable properties 9

10 Observing the Properties - What are the properties of matter? Property - that which can be observe or measured. Property Classification - Matter can be classified into two type of property. Intensive Extensive Temperature Mass Color Volume Density heat B.pt Length phase Area Intensive- Extensive- Independent of size Dependent of size 10

11 Change of States: Phases Consider the following: solid-liquid-gas How does this take place? What type of changes are occurring? Is this process reversible? 11

12 Kinetic Molecular Model - Change of state at the molecular level Solid - fix neighbors, no translation motion and large attraction between particles. Vibration motion is dominant. Liquid - random tumbling, large translation but particles still attract each other. Gas - no attraction for each other and large translation in space. 12

13 Change of Matter Physical change: Identity Retained Change in the observable properties without change of substance identity: Refers to material changing form but not identity. Example: Phase Change Physical change of matter in which the identity of the substance is retained. Chemical change: Identity Changed Refers to material changing to a completely different type of material, or transformation to a new substance. This process involves bond breaking and bond forming such that material changes identity. 13

14 Δ Physical Vs. Δ Chemical Sugar dissolving Cutting wood Applying glue Melting ice Breaking glass Heating Sugar Burning wood Nylon synthesis Electrolysis of water Doping glass 14

15 Separating Matter to its components Exploitation of the different properties of a mixture to separate matter. 15

The CoCl 2 is recovered by evaporating the water.

16 Separating Matter using Physical Techniques Separation Scheme: Given iodine, sand and CoCl 2, what is the best method of separation? The scheme shows sublimation of iodine followed by solubility of CoCl 2 and then decanting the sand. The CoCl 2 is recovered by evaporating the water. A, B, C A separated Similarly, separation of sand, charcoal, sugar, ethanol and water is easily accomplished if the correct physical property of each substance is exploited so that the mixture can be isolated individually. B separated C separated 16

Lab Separation Technique: Relation to physical property Separation of a mixture of matter can only be achieve by taking advantage of each substance different

17 Lab Separation Technique: Relation to physical property Separation of a mixture of matter can only be achieve by taking advantage of each substance different physical properties. Technique Property to be exploited Chromatography Polarity Distillation Boiling point and Volatility Filtration Solubility and density Decant Density 17

18 Summary The Universe = Matter + Energy Matter = Mixture, compounds and elements. Mixture can be separated to pure substances by physical means. Compounds can be separated to elements by chemical means only. When separating mixtures by physical means, the unique properties of matter is used as the basis of separation. 18

Chapter 2 Section 1: Classifying Matter. Classification of Matter. Classification of Matter 9/5/15

Chapter 2 Section 1: Classifying Matter Classification of Matter Now that we have defined chemical and physical properties of matter, we can use that to help us classify it. One way chemists classify matter