Comprehensive particle characterization by homogeneous-start centrifugal sedimentation technique

Transcription

1 Comprehensive particle characterization by homogeneous-start centrifugal sedimentation technique Dietmar Lerche, Prof. Dr. Dr. LUM Berlin, Germany Focus User Meeting: The Centrifugal Sedimentation Technique Bushy House, London; Nov Introduction 2. In-situ visualization of separation by STEP-Technology 3. Velocity and size distribution of particles 4. Magnetophoretic velocity 5. Density determination of particles dispersed in liquid 6. Characterization of particle surface properties 1

2 When and where LUM started? Established 1994 Hi-Tec Park 420 ha area > employes >710 companies 18 Scientific Institutions Business idea: Accelerated and Direct Stability Testing of Dispersions 2

3 LUM now provides solutions for entire life cycles 1.Particles 2. Dispersions 3. Composite Materials Multi-wavelength Multisampling Real-time SEPView 6.4 Software Accelerated SEPView 7 Efficient and easy Units placed in 45 countries all over the world 3

4 Microsites 1. Foöl. LUMiReder 2. Folie LUMiReader x-ray 4

5 Microsites

6 LUMiINSTRUMENTS are state-of-the-art 1.Particles 2. Dispersions 3. Composite Materials Characterization State, Stability Strength Multi-wavelength Multisampling SEPView 6.4 Software SEPView 7 Real-time ISO/TR 13097, ISO ASTM D Accelerated ISO/TR ISO Efficient and easy EN ISO 4624 DIN EN

7 In-situ visualization of dispersion state by STEP-Technology Conventional one point techniques Space and Time resolved Extinction Profiles t 1 > t 0 NIR 12 channels, l = 870, 470 nm VL X-Ray Animation see: youtube 7

8 Physical Basics Partical velocity due to gravity fields t = t 0 t 1 > t 0 t 2 > t 1 Stokes law h 2 Dr v = = n. x 2. f(a). g 9 h. RCA t Dr > 0, settling, sedimentation Dr < 0, creaming, flotation n = shape factor f(a) = hindrance function RCA = CA / g = w². r [m] / 9.81 =1.1179E-3 * RPM²*r[m] Limitations: Newtonian Liquids, Re < 0.5 8

9 Software 1. Windows 7 based with Ribbon User Interface 2. plug and play, pack and go 3. Simultaneous analysis for 12 samples 4. Individual user customization 5. Full SOP concept (Creation, capture, data analysis) 6. Seven different tools to understand (quantify) even the most complicated dispersion:: Time lapse measurement replay Dispersion fingerprint Instability index Clarification Phase separation Sedimentation and creaming velocities Particle density and size distribution 7. Windows Explorer based data management 8. Comprehensive database security and full audit log 9. Complies with 21 CFR Part 11 does for you visualization + quantification

10 STEP-Technology: In-situ visualization of separation behavior Meniscus last = Green Cell Bottom 1 = Red Qualitative: Fingerprints Quantitative: Instability Index, Fronttracking, Integration Particle velocity and size

11 Fingerprint: Monodisperse silica particles Concentration 10.5% (v/v) monomodal Silica, 280 nm, 1100 x g Concentration 19,8% (v/v)

12 Fingerprint: Polydisperse quartz particles Polydisperse (swarm) sedimentation Green: Last profil First profile Quantification by fronttracking 1.3 % 2.3 % Red: % 4.6 % 9 % % % Quartz: 400 nm 10 µm 1100 x g Residual turbidity 30 % 1100 x g, 20 C 12

13 Fingerprint: Sedimentation types Polydisperse (Swarm) Sedimentation ph = 5, z = 40 mv Colloidal stable Aeroxide AluC (Evonik) Zone Sedimenatation ph = 9, z = 0 mv Flocculated, Network forming filling height Colloidal stable

14 In-situ visualization of phase separation Transmission T t,p = I t,p I 0 Instantanuous profiling of Transmission, Clarification, or Concentration changes during particle separation from bottom to top! Clarification C t.p = T t,p - T0 Extinction/Concentration - lg I = E I t,p = e. C. t,p d 0 14

15 STEP - Fingerprints Suspension monomodal monodisperse Suspension tetramodal monodisperse Suspension polydisperse Suspension particle particle - interaction Emulsion rather monodisperse Suspoemulsion flotation and sedimentation First transmission profil: red Last transmission profil: green

16 What tell us STEP-Technology? Transmission Fingerprints Fingerprint Quantification Particle characterization Radius [mm] Position r [mm] % 2.3 % 3.3 % 4.6 % 9 % 15 % 21 % Zeit t [s] Good or Bad product Formulation ranking Process optimization Phase separation Particle interaction Consolidation Shelf life prediction

17 What tell us STEP-Technology? Transmission Fingerprints Fingerprint Quantification Particle characterization Original concentration 110 no dilution, no preparation! Radius [mm] Position r [mm] Zeit t [s] 1.3 % 2.3 % 3.3 % 4.6 % 9 % 15 % 21 % kumulative Volumenverteilung Q 3 (x) [%] Partikelgröße x [µm] q 3 (ln x) Q 3 (x) diff. Volumenverteilung q 3 (ln x) [-] Good or Bad product Formulation ranking Process optimization Phase separation Particle interaction Consolidation Shelf life prediction Velocity distribution Particle size distribution Density distribution Magnetization

18 From Particle Characterization 1.Particle properties of micro- and nanoparticles MICROPARTICLES NANOPARTICLES Multi-wavelength LUMiReader PSA ISO Multi-wavelength Dispersion Analyser LUMiSizer ISO

19 Classical PSD analysis according to ISO T Spatially and time resolved transmission profiles E Time curve of extinction Constant position E ln(t) t meas r meas r t Dr v s E ln(t) E Q size distribution Radial extinction profile Constant time Q 3 Q ext Dr v s t meas conversion Q ext Q 3 requires optical model C ext (x Stokes ) x Stokes Detloff et al., Part.Part.Syst.Charact. 23,2006,184 and Powder Technology 174,2007,50

20 Determination of velocity distribution: 2 modes E(r) Mode: Constant time E(t) Mode: Constant position r 1 r 2 Position r t 1 t 2 Zeit t Important: Absolute method, no assumptions, no calibration, no gradient, constant T Velocity v Particle Concentration v = Distance Time v = r t - t m r 0 Q(v) i E max i (E) Velocity distribution 20

21 Light transmission [%] 100 Fingerprint: Bimodal Silica Space and Time Resolved Extinction Profils X 50 =280 nm 50 X 50 =545 nm Position r [mm] Mixture by volume A: 66,7%, 280nm; B: 33,3%, 545 nm

22 1 Velocity distribution Bimodal silica: 280 nm nm, Ratio: 2/1 40 Cumulative Velocity Distribution Q v (v) [-] Velocity Distribution q v (v) [s/mm] Velocity v [mm/s] Sepview 6: Mode particle characterization/velocity distribution 22

23 Particle characterization (I) 1. Velocity and velocity distribution Optimization of milling Mono- & polydispersity API Red pigment pastes Duration, Grinding bodies Detection of oversized Hindrance function and shape PMMA PMMA+ 1% oversized Peng He (2010) 23

24 Velocity distribution provides PSD for suspensions and emulsions Cumulative volume distribution Q 3 (x) min at rpm rotor-stator homogenizer 30 min at rpm rotor-stator homogenizer Emulsion A Emulsion B Particle size x in µm Longer treatment with rotor-stator homogenizer Droplet Size of Emulsion B << Emulsion A 24

25 Extinction/volume weighted distribution Stokes law x x 18 h ( r ) P rf w tm r0 Bimodal silica: 280 nm nm, Ratio: 2/1 F rt ln 2 - Extinktion - Volume Ratio: 2 : 1 Q 3 ( x ) i 1 0 k ( ) ln Ti 0 k ( ) ln T 0 x ext ( x) x ext ( ) dlnt dlnt ( ) ( x)

26 Validation 1 LUMiSizer vs. PCS 173 und SEM cumulative distribution Q(x) [-] nm LUMiSizer 280 nm PCS nm LUMiSizer 550 nm PCS nm SEM 1550 nm LUMiSizer 1550 nm PCS nm SEM particle size x [nm] PCS...Photon Correlation Spectroscopy SEM...Scanning Electron Microscopy

27 Reference particles Spherical micro silica particles with excellent shape stability and narrow size distribution for use as sedimentation and particle size standard for optical sedimentation analyser LUMiSizer Specification Nominal particle sizes:: 170 nm, 250 nm, 550 nm, 1100 nm Density: 2000 kg/m³ Refractive index: Suspension medium: 0.1 % Na 4 P 2 O 7 *10 H 2 O % NaN 3 in ultrapure water 27

28 Klebosol different measurement techniques Mean particle size [nm] LUMiSizer XDC PCS TEM SEM H /26 Klebosol XDC X-Ray disc centrifuge, PCS Photon correlation spectroscopy (dynamic light scattering), TEM Transmission electron microscope, SEM Scanning electron microscope T. Detloff, D. Lerche: Evaluation of particle size analysis by novel centrifugal sedimentation method, Proceedings and poster Partec 2007 Int. Cong. on Particle Technology, Nuremberg, Germany,

29 Round Robin Test, Colloidal silica nanoparticles 2 LUMiSizer 2 Analytical Ultra Centrifuges 1 X-Ray Disc Centrifuge 9 CPS Disc Centrifuges Interlaboratory comparison of methods for the measurement of particle size, effective particle density and zeta potential of silica nanoparticles in an aqueous solution, Final report, A. Lamberty, K. Franks, A. Braun, V. Kestens, G. Roebben, T. Linsinger, Joint Research Centre Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements 29

30 Size distribution of Au-NP and Ag-NP by multiwavelength LUMiSizer compared to SAXS SAXS (BAM) size: Au NP 8; 54 nm Au NP II; 18 nm SAXS (BAM) size: Ag 1; 59 nm Ag 2; 37 nm Ag 3: 19 nm Flexibility by variability of optical path and wavelength o.p. = 1, 2 and 10 mm, l = 470 and 870 nm Au, Ag1, Ag2: 470 nm, 2 mm Ag3: 870 nm, 10 mm Sobisch et al., Dispersion Letters 4 (2013) 9-11

31 Effect of 53 hours of storage at 25/45 C Ostwald ripening cumulative volume weighted distribution [%] Emulsion B (Lemon + WA) NN (25 C) NN (45 C) 25 C 45 C x 10,3 220 nm 277 nm x 50,3 414 nm 893 nm x 90, nm nm particle size [nm] Data LUMiSizer 611

32 Volume weighted cumulative size distribution Q3 [%] Soft silica shell magnetic core NP Particle recharging by PEI Stable-flocculation-stable Size distribution of very polydisperse samples by LUMiSizer NIR PEI-to-iron w/w ratio (%): Hydrodynamic diameter [nm] cumulative intensity weihgted distribution [%] Dispersed brands of MCNT Iolitec Nanocyl Polytech&Net equivalent particle diameter [nm] Note: Large dynamic range from 10 nm to 50 µm (LUMiSizer). 32

33 LUMiSizer - Measurement Repetition Median x 50,0 of different colloidal silica suspensions Klebosol H /26 1 batch / 6 repetitions 49 nm 0.05 nm = 0.1 % 84 nm 0.27 nm = 0.3 % 102 nm 0.42 nm = 0.4 % 6 batches 49 nm 0.54 nm = 1.1 % 84 nm 0.33 nm = 0.4 % 103 nm 0.63 nm = 0.6 % T. Detloff, D. Lerche: Evaluation of particle size analysis by novel centrifugal sedimentation method, Proceedings and poster Partec 2007 International Congress on Particle Technology, Nuremberg, Germany,

34 Cumulative volume distriution Q 3 (x) in % Particles dispersed in different sucrose solutions 0,03 % m/m 1.1 µm polysterene in 0% - 30% m/m sucrose solutions, 4 C, 2000 rpm, Fluid density and viscosity according to Stokes taken into account x 50,3 = µm µm 1.07 % 0 % 4.1 % 8.3 % 16.5 % 20.6 % 28.9 % Particle size x in µm 34

35 Cum. vol.-weighted particle size distribution Q 3(x) [%] Cum. vol.-weighted particle size distribution Q 3 (x) [%] Cum. vol.-weighted particle size 100 Particle size distribution at high concentration Silica 175 nm distribution Q 3 (x) [%] Correction for only mulitiple scattering Particle size x [nm] Particle size x [nm] 100 Correction for mulitiple scattering and hindrance Silica 175 nm 9.9% 7.2% 5.2% 3.2% 2.2% 1.1% 0.7% 0.4% 0.2% SEM Particle size x [nm] Detloff et al., Powder Technology 174,2007,50

36 Concentration profile analysis by AUC approaches Direct boundary method (DBM) polydisperse silica polydisperse silica, different grades S = µm M = µm L = µm Walter et al., Nanoscale, 7(17): , 2015 measured by K. Obata, Y. Mori (Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan) LUM workshop 2016, Berlin

37 Investigation of Multimodal Distributions Investigation of trimodal gold nanoparticle mixture with AC and dynamic light scattering experiment (DLS) Walter et al., Nanoscale (2015) Direct Boundary Model reduced noise and determines meniscus (start-line) more accurate Individual sizes nicely reproduced, superior resolution by AC combined with DBM

38 Particle Size Distributions obtained by LUMiSizer 1. Velocity Distribution Q v (v), q v (v) Direct measurement no calibration / no material properties Information directly related to separation processes Sufficient for quality control Qualitative information about particle size distribution (PSD) 2. Extinction Weighted Particle Size Distribution Q Int (x), q Int (x) Quantitative information about particle size 3. Volume Weighted Particle Size Distribution Q 3 (x), q 3 (x) Quantitative information about particle size and volume fraction of each class Comparison with other measurement methods possible Conversion into mass or number distribution

39 Material properties to be known for PSD Note: Velocity Distribution, no Parameters required! Extinction Weighted Particle Size Distribution Volume Weighted Particle Size Distribution Depends on Particle Density - - Fluid Density Fluid Dynamic Viscosity Particle Refractive Index (complex) Temperature Temperature Light Wavelength - Fluid Refractive Index Temperature, Light Wavelength

40 Characterization of magnetic properties (responsiveness) of magnetic particles 1. Superposition of ambient/high gravity fields and magnetic fields Gravity fields Magnetic fields 2. Determination of particle migration velocity distribution by STEP-Technology in dependence on magnetic fields/gradients 3. Result: Magnetophoretic mobility distribution and magnetic responsiveness of magnetic particles and assemblies. O. Mykhaylova, D. Lerche et al., IEEE Magnetic Letters, 6 (2015), Open source

41 STEP-Mag: Measurement principle Customized LUMiReader Magnetic fields and gradients in a measuring window: from mt and T/m) 500 µl, h=10 mm Optical window 40 mm Resolution < 30 µm DT = 0.1 s to hours 3 Wavelengthes 1000 Profiles Different optical cells 30 C 60 C Operation and quantification by SEPView MP1 magnetic nanoparticle 20µgFe/ml, Z Y d Magnetic Force Variable distance between magnet sets

42 D 470 nm averaged through the profile and normalized Choice of the conditions for registration of the clarification in applied magnetic fields (Sedimentation vs. Magnetophoresis) Unstable suspension, Settling of MP6 under gravity No magnets Mesurment duration 15 min 84.1 mm between magnets Mesurment duration 15 min Microparticles MP6, 20µgFe/ml 24.5 mm 34.4 mm 43.6 mm 53.4 mm 63.4 mm 73.4 mm no MF Time (s) Magnetophoresis Sedimentation

43 Magnetic particles and nano-assemblies exhibit large range of magnetophoretic velocities

44 LUMiReader-Mag: In-situ visualization of MP-migration due to magnetic and/or gravity fields magnet discs at bottom 0.3 B [T] 0.2 < B 0.1T 0.1 NeoDeltaMagnet (NdFeB), IBSMagnets NE155; Magnet disc: D=15,0 mm, h=5,0 mm 1st derivative of "B" [T/m] X [mm] X [mm] < db/dx 19.4 T/m Averaged over probe height

45 Integral extinction Integral extinction Determination of magnetophoretic mobility distribution MP 11, (Monodisperse) No dependence on wavelength No magnetic field Magnetic field: T, 19.4 T/m Time (s) Time (s) v (µm/s)

46 870 nm 630 nm 410 nm Magnetophoretic mobility analysed at different wavelengthes Normalized Integral Extinction MP 1, Polydisperse, Blue light data focus more on small particles l = 410 nm l = 630 nm l = 870 nm Time (s) < B 0.16T < db/dx 33.5T/m Averaged over sample height

47 Magnetophoretic velocity of SO-Mag-NP viral complexes does not depend on viral objects 84 µgfe/ml, B = T, 33 min Self-assembling of MNP with viral complexes: SO-Mag6-12 with Adenoviral (Ad) and VSV-particles

48 Hydrodynamic density determination of microparticles dispersed in a liquid 1. Zero interpolation separation velocity (Archimedian) approach (ISO/WD ): Density determination by keeping particles in suspense, then density of the particle equals density of the fluid Following slides see also: Woehlecke et al., Dispersion Letters 3 (2012)

49 in µm/s mpa s particle velocity y viscosity h Determination of oil droplet density by zero velocity interpolation approach sedimentation droplet density Interpolation y = 0 r P = 1139,6 kg/m³ creaming liquid density r L in kg/m³ Birch oil droplets. LUMiSizer, 25 C, 2 mm glass cells, Sucrose solutions 52

50 Density r in kg/m³ Density, Viscosity of sodium polytungstate solution C Density Viscosity Viscosity h in mpa s Sodium polytungstate concentration in % m/m TC-Tungsten Compounds, Germany 53

51 in µm/s mpa s Determination of PMMA particle density by zero velocity interpolation approach 100 particle velocity y viscosity h r P = 1202 kg/m³ liquid density r L in kg/m³ Continuous phase polytungstate solution LUMiReader PSA, T = 30 C, 10 mm PC cells Density does not depend on particle size and shape (not shown) 54

52 Hydrodynamic density determination of microparticles dispersed in a liquid 1. Zero interpolation separation velocity (Archimedian) approach (ISO/WD ): Density determination by keeping particles in suspense, then density of the particle equals density of the fluid 2. Two separation velocity approach (ISO/WD ) : Density determination by measuring separation velocities of dispersed particles in two continuous phases with different density 55

53 2. Principle: multi- separation velocity approach Starting point: Stokes Law Methodical approach: Determination of Stokes velocity of same particles in two different continuous phases* Monodisperse particles v v ( r r ) x 2 2 P F, h ( r r ) 1 18 h x 2 w w 2 2 P F,2 2 r r r P v 1 h 1 v r 1 F,2 h 1 v v 2 2 h h 2 2 r F,1 * First application Mc Cromeck, later Mächtle,

54 2. Principle: multi-separaton velocity approach Particle density r P in kg/m³ 0.03 % m/m 1.1 µm Polystyrene in: 0%, 4.1%, 8.3%, 16.5%, 20.6% and 28.9 % Sucrose solution, LUMiFuge RCA, 11.5 C Density calculated based on any pairs of sedimentation velocities (v i, v j ) r P v 1 h 1 v r 1 F,2 h 1 v v 2 2 h h 2 2 r F,1 Density Mean value: r= 1053 kg/m³ 1040 s.d. = 0.4 % r = 1055 kg/m³ (supplier data) 980 Dr 12 Dr 13 Dr 14 Dr 15 Dr 23 Dr 2 Dr 25 Dr 34 Dr 35 Density difference Dr 4 57

55 2. Principle: Multi-separation velocity approach Cum. intensity distribution Q(v) in % Creaming of loaded beverage droplets dispersed in H 2 O and D 2 O LUMiSizer data, Velocity distribution, 4000 rpm, 7 C H 2 O (r = 997 kg/m³) D 2 O (r = 1100 kg/m³) , Creaming velocity v in µm/s 58

56 Particle density r P in kg/m³ 2. Principle: two separation velocity approach Density distribution of loaded droplets calculated based on creaming velocity distribution in H 2 O and D 2 O r P v 1 (Q(v)) r v 1 F,2 v (Q(v)) v 2 2 (Q(v)) r (Q(v)) F,1 Small droplets, more dense Quantile velocity distribution Q(v) in % Large droplets, less dense 59

57 Density determination of nanoparticles: different colloidal silica in concentrated sodium polytungstate solution in H 2 O and D 2 O 55 % H 2 O 72 % D 2 O zero velocity extrapolation two velocity Ludox 50 nm 2012 kg/m³ 1950 kg/m³ Koestrosol nm 2037 kg/m³ 2026 kg/m³ *results were obtained in cooperation with the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) which is part of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (EC). 60

58 Characterization of particle surface properties a) Electrostatic properties DLOV-Theory Repulsion El.- Interaction Total Attraction VW- Interaction Source: Wikimedia Common 61

59 Electrostatic surface structure of electrokinetic soft particles are not assessible by Zeta By Oshima Contradictions to Smoluchowski: 1. 3D distribution of charges (radial, circumferential), volume charge density [As/m³] 2. 3D-surface structure comparable to Debye-Hueckel length 3. Ion penetrable surface layer of e.g. polyelectrolytes 63

60 Decoration of plain SO-Mag5 with branched 25 kd polyethylene imine (PEI) to recharge surface M S = 94 emu/g iron; PO 4 sites 8.4/nm² Zeta = -34 +/- 2mV SO-Mag5 25 kd branched polyethylene imine SO-Mag6-n n=pei-to-iron w/w ratio (%) Primary CS-MNP Final Viral-MNP-Complex Adenovirus-MNP-Assemblies 200 nm TEM AFM Pharm Res. Mykhaylyk et al., DOI /s

61 Electrokimetic potential [mv] Stability characterization by naked eye, electrokinetic potential, and particle size (DSL) Decoration of plain SO-Mag5 with branched 25 kd polyethylene imine (PEI) to recharge surface n= Conclusion: Ratio 4 5 is o.k. but clinical evaluation did not proof! In water Hydrodynamic diameter [nm] Intensity PSD NumberPSD PEI-to-Iron w/w ratio n [%] Nanosizer data Pharm Res. Mykhaylyk et al., DOI /s

62 Transmission (%) z 34 ± 2mV PEI-to-Iron w/w ratio n [%] mv to +39 mv SO-Mag5, n=0 Position (mm)

63 Stabilization of recharged SO-Mag for Magnetoinfection need higher PEI decoration than predicted by Zetapotential Behavior of concentrated (original) MNP dispersion SO-Mag5 SO-Mag6-6 SO-Mag6-12 Particel analysis of diluted MNP dispersion Volume weighted cumulative size distribution Q3 [%] PEI-to-iron w/w ratio (%): Hydrodynamic diameter [nm] Cumulative distribution function [%] PEI-to-Iron w/w ratio Magnetophoretic mobility [µm/s] Mean magnetophoretic mobility [µm/s] PEI-to-Iron w/w ratio [%] 68

64 Characterization of particle surface properties b) Hansen Solubilty Parameters (HSPs) Good Affinity Bad Affinity = Particles easy to disperse and stay dispersed = Particles difficult to disperse, state unstable Characterization of solubility (1936) Hansen: Dispersion forces (d D ), Polar interactions (d P ), Hydrogen bonding (d H ). Prediction: 1. Measure the dispersibility of nano particles in different solvents with known HSP. 2. Calculate HSP (HDP) for particles. 69

65 General SOP: 3. Calculate sedimentation time (ST) based on Integral Extinction Sedimentation time ST = time to reach E E 0 = extinction of pure liquid 72

66 Absolute sedimentation times of particles dispersed in different continuous phases General SOP: 4. Relative sedimentation times RST to eliminate density and viscosity effects RST = t s ρ m ρ s η 73

67 General SOP: 5. Score RST to 0, 1 6. Calculate HSP HSP-value: Finn Talc 15 Score 0, 1 Normalization of RST RST norm = RST RSTmax δ d =12.1 MPa 0.5 ; δ P =17.7 MPa 0.5 δ h =3.9 MPa 0.5 ; R0 =9.1 MPa 0.5 by HSPiP-software, Abbott Lerche et al., Dispersion Letters (2015) 74

68 Summary: Particle Characterization by Analytical Centrifugation with STEP-Technology Particle sedimentation or creaming Separation velocity distribution Particle size distribution Particle density (distribution) Particle magnetization Surface characterization of particles 77

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