Chemistry BellRinger 4/9/18
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1 Chemistry BellRinger 4/9/18 Rutherford s gold foil experiment provided evidence for How was the model changed as a result? How did Chadwick know to look for the neutron? What did JJ Thomson conclude from his Cathode Ray experiment? Describe his model
2 Review Complete the table Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons 36 Cl Na 11
3 Objectives: Today Review subatomic particles. Define isotopes and determine how atomic mass is calculated. Reflect on an analogous situation to derive insight into chemistry concepts. Review atomic theory history test is coming soon.
4 Isotopes Most elements are very stable and do not decay. However, some isotopes decay in which the nucleus changes. During this decay, either alpha, beta, or gamma particles are released.
5 Types of radioactive particles Alpha particles are not usually harmful to humans because they have very little penetrating power. 4 He 2 2
6 Types of radioactive particles Beta particles can penetrate clothing and damage the skin. 0 β 1 1
7 Types of radioactive particles Gamma rays can only be stopped by thick layers of lead or concrete. They cause serious tissue damage and possibly death. γ
8 Radioactive Decay Some isotopes only emit alpha particles when they decay. Other release either beta or gamma particles when they decay.
9 Today s Activity We ll simulate the half-life of an element Atoms represented by pennies A roll represents one half-life Heads atom decayed Tails atom did not decay
10 Unit 10 Lab: Pennium Start with 25 pennies After each roll: Remove heads pennies (they ve decayed) Keep tails pennies (they re still a radioactive isotope) Keep track of the number of TAILS left after each roll. Record your results in lab journal. Graph. Post your results on the class whiteboard.
11
12 Half-Life Why are some isotopes more dangerous than others? The answer has to do with what type of particle is released and how often these particles are released. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for one half of a sample of that isotope to decay.
13 Half-Life Example Gold-191 has a half-life of 12.4 hours. If you start with 7.5 mg of the isotope, how much would remain after 49.6 hours? Answer: 49.6 / 12.4 = 4 half-lives. Divide 7.5 in half 4 times and you get mg.
14 Half-Life Tin is a very common metal. About 6% of all tin is actually tin-124 (an unstable isotope). This isotope decays to produce antimony-124 and beta particles. Is tin dangerous to us? No. Why????
15 Half-Life of Tin Tin is not dangerous because it has a half-life of 1.7 x years. That means that in 170,000,000,000,000,000 years half of the tin-124 will decay and release beta particles. This decay is very slow, so the beta particles are hardly ever released. Thus tin poses no threat to our health.
16 Half-Life of Tin Tin-124 has a half-life of 1.7 x years. If you started with a sample of 8.0 grams of tin-124, how long would it take until you were left with only 0.5 grams of radioactive tin remaining?
17 BellRinger 4/10/18 What is the atomic mass of an element with the following mass spec? Mass (amu) Abundance (%) 6 7 % 7 92 % 8 1 %
18 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Isotope Titanium-48 Carbon-14 Sodium-23 Protons Neutro ns Electro ns
19 Half-Life of Tin Tin-124 has a half-life of 1.7 x years. If you started with a sample of 8.0 grams of tin-124, how long would it take until you were left with only 0.5 grams of radioactive tin remaining?
20 Half-Life Example Potasssium-40 has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. When starting with 128 grams of Potassium-40, how long would it take to have just 8.0 grams remaining?
21 Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon dating uses one of the best known radioactive isotopes; carbon-14. Carbon-14 decays to produce nitrogen-14 and beta particles. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. Carbon-14 is constantly produced in the atmosphere by the action of cosmic rays on atmospheric nitrogen.
22 Half-Life Example A fossil is found that contains 6.25% of the original amount of carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. How old is the fossil?
23 Tuesday Unit 10 Test Atomic Theory Key contributions of the 6 famous scientists and experiments performed How the model changed Isotopes protons, neutrons, electrons Mass spectrometers finding atomic mass Radioactive decay half-life problems
24 Practice Worksheet 2.5 Whiteboard two (2) questions
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