Aerodyne Chinese AMS/ACSM Clinic, Nanjing, April Why are we here? Data Analysis Clinics Boulder, PSI. Barcelona, Boulder
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1 Aerodyne Chinese AMS/ACSM Clinic, Nanjing, April st/2nd AMS Users Meeting Portland / Aerodyne 3rd Aerodyne 4th Caltech 5th GaTech 6th Juelich 7th Minnesota 8th DRI, Reno, NV 9th Manchester Hi-Res Clinic Boulder 10th Toronto Data Analysis Clinics Boulder, PSI 11th Hyytiälä PSI (EUCAARI) 12th Orlando Barcelona, Boulder 13th Minnesota Boulder, PSI (ACSM) 14th Prague Boulder (AMS + CIMS) AMS Meeting at PKU 15th Korea / Orlando CIMS Aerodyne 16th Milan Boulder CIMS Fort Collins 17th Portland CIMS Boulder AMS Workshop at IAP AMS/CIMS PKU, Beijing CIMS Helsinki Why are we here? 2018 Nanjing Chinese AMS Clinic CIMS (UWash.) AMS (IAC, St Louis)
2 The 2 Qi + 3 Wei + Penglin Meeting
3 On-line mass spectrometry to reveal the composition of ambient aerosols Aerosol, Climate (and Health) Douglas R. Worsnop PKU / Shenzhen / IAP / Fudan / Tsinghua / CAMS / NUIST / Nanjing / Xian University of Helsinki University of Eastern Finland (Kuopio) Finnish Meteorological Institute Aerodyne Research Boston College University of Colorado / PSI University of Manchester MIT / University of Washington CERN Aerosols and Health: Characterisation of the Composition and the Toxicological Effects of Air Pollution Analytica, München Thursday, 12 April, 2018
4 Why, in fact, are aerosols so important? DIFFICULT? Anthropogenic perturbation: CO2 increase ppm other Green House Gases 1-2 ppm Aerosol Increase 1-2 ppb ~ 0.5 m Pulmonary deposition sunlight Direct optical Scattering efficiency Mie scattering theory Stokes diameter Atmospheric pressure CCN (indirect cloud effect) Kelvin Effect
5 This includes water (RH)! Area Distribution Wet Dry Humidity controls size around 0.5 m Not unrelated to CCN activity
6 Direct Aerosol Scattering Indirect Cloud Effects Aerosols have saved us from global warming
7 Polluted Aerosol: More Particles, More scattering, Brighter clouds The indirect effect from polluted aerosol is hard wired in IPCC models
8 Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) Particle Beam Generation Aerodynamic Sizing Particle Composition Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Chopper Thermal Vaporization & Electron Impact Ionization TOF Region Aerodynamic Lens (2 Torr) Particle Inlet (1 atm) Turbo Pump Turbo Pump Turbo Pump Efficient transmission ( nm), aerodynamic sizing, linear mass signal Non-refractory PM1.0 mass loadings and chemically-speciated mass distributions
9 3.0-3 Nitrate Equivalent Mass Concentration (µg m ) Urban organic aerosol is a mixture of hydrocarbon and oxygenated components 43 Ammonium 4.8 ug/m3 Nitrate 5.8 Sulphate 9.4 Organics 13.4 Chloride Mexico City 2/ m/z (Daltons)
10 Organic Mass Spectra CnHm e----> Cn Hm + 27, 29, 41, 43, 55, 57, 69, 71,... C4H9+ 600C, ecnhmoy ----> H2O+ CO+ CO , 29, 55, Following flash vaporization at ~600C.
11 600C, ecnhmoy > H2O+ CO+ CO , 55 f44 vs O/C m/z 44 / org ratio 0.4 Oxalic Acid 0.3 Fulvic Acid 0.2 AMS Observations 0.1 PSI Chamber Oleic Acid + Ozone O/C ratio
12 Observed Urban and Remote Size Modes Urban Site Bi-modal Local Sources Remote Site Mono-modal Aged-Transported 3 dm/dlogd ( g m-3) Edinburgh, Scotland November, 2000 Cheju-Do Island, Korea April, 2001 Organics Nitrate Sulfate Sulfate Organics Nitrate Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) Aerodynamic Diameter (nm) Scotland SASUA-3 ACE ASIA Traffic mode Accumulation mode 2 3 Accumulation mode Allan, Alfarra et al. (U. Manchester)
13 Inorganic (SO4,NO3) ~ Organic (OOA) O/C ~ 0.7 Hyytiälä 2 ug/m3 Beijing 80 ug/m3 Jimenez et al, Science, 2009
14 Ox = O3 + NO2
15 Secondary Aerosol Primary Aerosol PM-phase rxn PM Gases Gaseous organic EMISSIONS >> Combustion Secondary Organic Nucleation Aq-phase rxn PM Primary Organic Gas-phase oxidation Particle EMISSIONS
16 Primary Emission SO2 VOC Volatile Organic Compounds Secondary Formation H2SO4 one compound OOA Oxygenated Organic Aerosol 1,000 s compounds Analytical Challenge: AMS mass spectra simplify classification of too many organic compounds to identify
17 ELVOC C10,C20 in the gas phase O/C > 0.7 Nucleation, Clusters Nanoparticle growth
18 Auto-oxidation Ehn et al, Nature, 2014 also see Crounse et al, JPC Letters, 2013 Add 3, 4, 5 O2 molecules in 10 s of seconds
19 ELVOC SVOC SVOC (NOx)
20 Clean Air Act is most successful US bill EVER Benefit to cost ratio is $40:$1 Credit: Chester Higgins, Jr
21
22 Why must GHG and Aerosols diverge? Aerosol Emissions CO2 Emissions RCP data: IIASA, 2009 Different forces are at work controlling emissions. And, of course, the lifetimes are different! Andi Andreae, MPI Mainz
23 Climate forcing, W m-2 It is technically easy to reduce aerosol emissions and there is strong regional motivation to do so. The exact opposite applies to CO2! The consequence: net climate forcing Greenhouse Gases Around 1990 aerosols neutralized about 50% of greenhouse forcing. Since then, this climate protection is fading away Aerosols RCP data: IIASA, 2009
24 Aerosol trends Chin et al. (2014) Model/data merge
25 Global trace gas concentrations H2O CO2 CH4 O3 VOC s 10,000 ppm 400 ppm 2 ppm 50 ppb 1->10 ppb Aerosol 1 ppb ovoc s ELVOC H2SO ppt 1 ppt 0.1 ppt OH 0.1 ppt Equivalent Climate Impact
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