Radiological Exposure Devices
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1 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe Radiological Exposure Devices Erich Hrnecek EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) ITU - Institute for Transuranium Elements Nuclear Safeguards & Security Karlsruhe, Germany
2 Overview ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 2 Introduction Exposure - Effects Accidents REDs Exercises
3 Introduction ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 3 Potential Scenarios Radioactive Exposure Device (RED) Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
4 RED ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 4 RED Radioactive source out of legal control Potential to expose people to lethal doses of radiation Irradiation, no incorporation if sealed source Dose assessment, medical monitoring Psychological & Economical impact
5 RDD ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 5 RDD Detonation of explosive device + radioactive material Injury External contamination Incorporation Psychological & Economical impact
6 IND ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 6 IND National emergency situation Large number of victims Effects: blast, heat, radiation Irradiation, incorporation
7 Exposure - effects ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 7 External exposure: irradiation Internal exposure: incorporation Stochastic effects: Propability of occurence increases with dose, no treshold dose e.g. cancer incidence Deterministic effects: Severity of effect increases with dose, treshold dose e.g. organ dysfunction, lens opacification, blood changes
8 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 8 Deterministic effects Ref.: K. H. Lieser, Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applicationss. VCH/Wiley 1997.
9 Symptoms ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 9 Nausea Vomitting Headache Diarrhoea Weakness Changes in blood (reduction in Lymphocytes)
10 Accidents ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , Goiânia, Brasil 137 Cs teletherapy unit source removed by scrap collectors, source capsule opened 54 persons hospitalized, 4 died persons monitored Large psychological and economical impact Source: IAEA, STI/PUB/815, Vienna, 1988
11 Accidents ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , Tammiku, Estonia 3 persons entered radioactive waste repository Removed 137 Cs radiation source Source stored at home 5 persons with deterministic effects 1 Person died Source: IAEA, STI/PUB/1053, Vienna, 1998
12 Accidents ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , Samut Prakarn, Thailand 60 Co teletherapy unit out of regulatory control Teletherapy head stolen from unsecured storage area Disassembled at junkyard 10 persons with deterministic effects 3 Person died Source: IAEA, STI/PUB/1124, Vienna, 2002
13 RED ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , China 192 Ir put in office of business rival 74 persons with irradiation symptoms 1995, Zheleznodorozhny, Russia Criminal act 137 Cs source in door of truck, 5 months exposure, 1 dead
14 RED ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , Moscow, Russia Radioactive source in chair of company director, 1 death 1991, Bratsk, Russia 2 similiar cases, 1 injury
15 RED ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , La Hague, France Radioactive graphite fuel element plugs under driver s seat in car, person tried to kill his employer 1972, Texas, USA Man used 137 Cs sources to intentionally irradiate his 11 year old son after divorce Source:
16 Exercises ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe , Samut Prakarn Source activity?
17 Scenario ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 17
18 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 18 Measured: 60 Co, 20 msv/h, ~6 m distance Source activity? Dosimetry & Shielding Source activity without shielding Source activity with 10 cm Fe shielding (scrap metal)
19 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 19
20 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 20 Equivalent Dose Rate Constant Γ Γ(mSv m²/gbq/h) = msv m 2 / GBq h GBq = msv m 2 / Γ = 10*36/0.337 = 1068 GBq = 1.1 TBq
21 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 21 With 10 cm Fe shielding
22 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 22 Result: Dose rate decreased by a factor of ~ 10 with 10 cm Fe Conclusion: as amount of shielding material is not well known only estimate possible 1.1 TBq without shielding ~ 10 TBq with 10 cm Fe Remark: source had 15.7 TBq
23 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 23 Next problem: recovery Dose rate in 1 m distance for 15.7 TBq 60 Co?
24 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe Sv/h
25 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 25 Recovery 2: 10 cm Pb shielding What time allowed for 10 msv?
26 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 26 29,3 msv/h ~ 20 min
27 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 27 For comparison: 15.7 TBq 137Cs, 1m distance 15.7 TBq 137Cs, 10 cm Pb, 1m distance Dose rate?
28 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 28
29 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 29
30 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 30
31 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 31
32 ITRAC-2: 2 nd Advanced Training Course on Illicit Trafficking and Radiological Consequences with NUCLEONICA, , ITU, Karlsruhe 32
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