XENONNT AND BEYOND. Hardy Simgen. WIN 2015 MPIK Heidelberg. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Heidelberg
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1 XENONNT AND BEYOND Hardy Simgen Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Heidelberg WIN 2015 MPIK Heidelberg
2 THE XENON PROGRAM FOR DIRECT DARK MATTER SEARCH 1
3 THE PRESENT: XENON1T! LXe TPC under construction at Gran Sasso.! 1 st ton-scale experiment for direct DM detection.! 3t of LXe, 1t target.! Commissioning in summer, start data taking end of
4 XENON1T SENSITIVITY Sensitivity for Spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross section: cm 2 for 50 GeV WIMP 3
5 THE FUTUTRE: XENONNT! Rapid upgrade of XENON1T.! ~7 tons of liquid xenon! New inner vessel and TPC.! ~200 additional PMTs and electronics channels.! Sensitivity to spinindependent WIMPnucleon cross sections of cm 2. 4
6 WATER TANK (MUON VETO SYSTEM)! 10m high, 9.6m diameter.! Covered with 3M reflector foil.! 84 8 PMTs (type Hamamatsu R5912).! -induced background <0.01 evt/yr.! Sufficient for XENONnT. 5
7 XENON STORAGE TANK! Double-walled high pressure vessel (70 bar).! Xe-storage in liquid phase or gaseous phase.! Rapid emergency recovery.! 7 tons capacity: Sufficient for XENONnT. 6
8 CRYOGENIC SYSTEM! 200 W cooling power by 3 PTRs (Pulse Tube Refrigerators).! PTR maintenance during operation.! Emergency LN 2 cooling.! Sufficient for XENONnT. 7
9 PURIFICATION SYSTEM FOR GASEOUS XE! GXe circulation up to 100 slpm.! Hot getter purification.! In-situ monitoring of H 2 O-concentration.! Sufficient for XENONnT. 8
10 CRYOSTAT AND CRYOGENIC PIPES! Double-wall vacuum cryostat made from stainless steel.! Larger outer vessel. May host XENONnT inner vessel.! Cables for all XENONnT channels already installed. 9
11 FROM XENON1T TO XENONNT! Commissioning of XENON1T will start in 2015! Infrastructure ready for rapid upgrade! Xenon purchase ongoing: 3.7 tons delivered, 0.5 tons more ordered " Already more than 50% for XENONnT available.! 1-2 years of physics data taking with XENON1T.! Preparation for XENONnT in 2017 (New inner vessel and TPC). 10
12 SENSITIVITY OF XENONNT 11 Achievable sensitivity: cm 2
13 THE FAR FUTURE: BEYOND XENONNT! XENONnT will not cover completely experimentally accessible parameter space (limited by coherent neutrino scattering).! Ultimate LXe experiment would need! 100 t y exposure (" ~20 t LXe target).! to be free of radioactive background, i.e. background is neutrino domianted. " Neutrino as new physics channel.! DARWIN-LXe: Future large observatory for dark matter and neutrinos. 12
14 CHALLENGES: ELECTRON / NUCLEAR RECOIL (ER/NR) DISCRIMINATION! Irreducible ER background from solar ν-e elastic scattering (JCAP01 (2014) 044).! 30 ev./t/y in 2 10 kev window form solar ν s.! 6 ev./t/y in same window from 2νββ.! Requires excellent ER/NR discrimination (>99.9 %). " Optimize light yield! New photo sensors (High QE PMTs, SiPMs, GEMs).! 4π coverage.! Single phase TPC (?).! Field uniformity. 13
15 CHALLENGES: DRIFT FIELD, HV, MECHANICAL STABILITY! 1 kv/cm + 2 m drift lengt " 200 kv on cathode.! Operation at lower drift field?! LUX: 0.18 kv/cm.! XENON100: 0.5 kv/cm.! More S1 light, less S2 signal: Discrimination?! Flatness of large surface electrodes.! S2 depends on gap size, field strength.! Variations influences ER/NR discrimination.! Single phase TPC (?)! Shrinking during cool-down (tensions).! Large TPC becomes heavy (> 1 ton)! Strength of PTFE? 14
16 CHALLENGES: XENON LIQUID TARGET! One annual world production needed (~50 tons)! Procurement.! Cost.! Storage.! Cooling.! Purification (at high speed).! Maintaining purity.! Fast emergency recuperation (by gravity?). 15
17 CHALLENGES: EXTERNAL BACKGROUND! Goal: events/t/y! Cosmogenic neutrons:! 10 better muon veto performance than XENON1T.! larger water tank (14 m diameter to fit in Gran Sasso). or! line experimental hall with muon veto system.! Radiogenic neutrons:! (α/n) reactions in construction materials.! Liquid scintillator veto around cryostat (Darkside).! Reducing radioactivity (Screening). 16
18 REDUCING RADIOACTIVITY IN R11410 PMT FOR XENON1T! Individual components screened and replaced.! Radioactivity reduced 10 to 12 mbq/pmt.! Resdiual contamination mostly in ceramics.! see arxiv:
19 NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GAMMA-RAY SCREENING! Ultralow background deep underground HPGe spectrometers! Best sensitivity achieved by GeMPIs developed at MPIK operated at Gran Sasso! 226 Ra: 16 µbq/kg, 228 Th :19 µbq/kg! Issues:! Long queues! Long screening times! Only few deep underground locations available! Need for local screening facilities with competitive sensitivity. 18
20 THE GIOVE HPGE SPECTROMETER Gerd Heusser! Highly optimized shield design employing! Passive gamma shield (Cu/Pb)! Neutron moderator and absorber.! Inner muon veto.! Outer muon veto.! Glove-box and air lock.! High purity materials.! Operated at MPIK only few meters below surface at 15 m w.e. 19
21 PERFORMANCE OF GIOVE! Achieved sensitivity: 226 Ra: <68 µbq/kg, 228 Th: <49 µbq/kg! Closed gap to deep underground spectrometers. 20 Paper close to submission.
22 CHALLENGES: INTERNAL BACKGROUND Internal contaminations must be below neutrino background. " Kr/Xe < 0.1 ppt. " 222Rn in Xe: < 1 µbq/kg (lower for neutrino physics).! 21
23 REMOVING KRYPTON FROM XENON! Commercial Xe contains Kr at 1 ppm 10 ppb level.! XENON1T: Dedicated xenon distillation column developed by Muenster group.! High throughput: 3.8 kg/h. 22
24 MEASUREMENT OF KR IN XE WITH SUB-PPT SENSITIVITY! Challenge: Remove bulk Xe before analysis! By cryo-trapping (NIM A 665, 1 (2011)), optical methods (Rev. Sci. Inst. 84, (2013)) or gas chromatography.! Gas chromatography + Mass spectrometry " 8 ppq detection limit (EPJC 74, 2746 (2014))! Measurement of XENON1T distilled Xe: <28 ppq (!) 85 Kr problem solved even for ultimate LXe detector. 23
25 MATERIAL SCREENING: THE RADON EMANATION TECHNIQUE! Direct measurement of emanated 222 Rn.! Sensitivity: 30 µbq.! Complementary to γ- ray screening.! Automated system for high sample throughput.! Systematic investigation of origin of 222 Rn sources. 24
26 R&D FOR RN REMOVAL FROM XE Rn/Xe separation is challenging (similar noble gases).! Pioneering work by XMASS: NIM A 661, 50 (2012).! Rn slowed down in adsober until decay.! Purification efficiency not yet sufficient.! 25
27 R&D FOR RN REMOVAL FROM XE! Selection of adsorber material with highest Xe/Rn separation coefficient.! Issues:! Lot of adsorbed xenon.! 222 Rn release from adsorber.! High speed purification!! Alternative approach: Separation of Rn/Xe by vapor pressure (boil-off purification / distillation).! Boil-off purification: Lower vapor pressure of Rn w.r.t. Xe experimentally demonstrated.! Distillation: Reduction of radon level in xenon experimentally demonstrated.! Desin studies for Rn removal plant ongoing. 26
28 CONCLUSION! XENON1T will be the 1 st ton-scale direct DM detection experiment online.! Rapid upgrade to XENONnT (possibly in 2017): Will reach cm 2 sensitivity.! Ultimate LXe experiment requires 100 t y exposure.! Several big challenges:! NR/ER discrimination! Light yield! Drift field! LXe procurement and handling! External and internal backgrounds 27
29 THE XENON COLLABORATION ~120 scientists from 18 institutions 28
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