Thin Film Behavior after Ink Transfer in Printing Processes N. Bornemann, H. M. Sauer, E. Dörsam
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1 Thin Film Behavior after Ink Transfer in Printing Processes N. Bornemann, H. M. Sauer, E. Dörsam Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann
2 Overview Thin Film Behavior after Ink Transfer in Printing Processes Motivation Graphic vs. functional printing Printing processes for organic electronics, challenges Film formation process in R2R: Process chain Theory Navier-Stokes in the lubrication limit: The Landau-Levich equation Effects of surface tension and concentration gradients Stability analysis: Phase diagrams Stability analysis Constant surface tension Why is a puddle stationary flat? Additional forces Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 2
3 Motivation Graphic vs. functional printing GRAPHIC printing: - blue ink gravure printed on PET, - 1.2mm x 0.9mm, height ~ 4µm HOMOGENOUS, DEFINED DOT SCREENS FUNCTIONAL printing: - SY organic polymer for OLEDs, gravure printed on PET, - 240µm x 180µm, height ~ 30nm HOMOGENOUS, DEFINED CLOSED LAYERS Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 3
4 Motivation Printing process for organic electronics: Challenges Thin and homogenous layers i.e. OLEDs: P3HT on PET 240µm x 180µm, height ~100nm - dewetting: rupture, holes -crystallization Multilayer devices: - compatibility of material sets - stability of under-laying film - diffusion of liquid or solutes into under-laying film - register accuracy Multi-component fluids: - different solutes: polymers and/or small molecules - different liquids: water-based and/or solvent-based solution Polymer/SM on glass Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 4
5 Motivation Film formation in R2R: Process chain Ink absorption from ink tank Film formation Blade process printing zone Printing zone ink transfer Fluid dynamics of the thin liquid film Transition to drying Drying Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 5
6 Theory Navier-Stokes in the lubrication limit: The Landau Levich equation Lubrication limit: Landau Levich equation [2], [3] : surface tension gradient h x,t h h P 2 n h h t x 3 x x 2 x : dynamic viscosity surface tension curvature pressure - gravity - Van der Waals: (~80nm [4]) A, h (1) 4 v Small perturbed liquid film, leveling time: h [2] L. Landau, B. Levich, Acta Physicochim. URSS. 1942, [3] A. Oron, S.G. Bankoff, Rev. Mod. Phys. 1997, 69, [4] P. de Gennes, Rev. Mod. Phys. 1985, 57, Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 6
7 Theory Effects of surface tension and concentration gradients Thin liquid film of a binary system: C : concentration of solute in solution : surface tension s-f : diffusion length D Useful relation [1]: C D z 2k T C z0 In the following: Evaporation and temperature gradients effects are neglected. B sf [1] J.W. Cahn, J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 66, Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 7
8 Theory Stability analysis: Phase diagrams When do we have solutions of L.L. eq. (1) for stable, homogenous flat, large-scale films concerning C, gradients and Van der Waals forces? STABLE : h x,t t 0 eq. (1) h h GRADIENTS of C, : VAN DER WAALS : hh, A,c0 INTEGRATION CONSTANT: c Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 8
9 Stability analysis Constant surface tension No additional forces: x 0 and A0 c 0 z h0 Why is a puddle stable? x Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 9
10 Stability analysis Why is a puddle stationary flat? No additional forces: x 0 and A0 gravity c 0 z h0 Why is a puddle flat? Because of gravity! x Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 10
11 Stability analysis Why is a puddle stationary flat? No additional forces: x 0 and A0 gravity c 0 z h0 Why is a puddle stable? Because of gravity! x Additional forces required for stable homogenous flat films! Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 11
12 Stability analysis Additional forces Gradients in C, : 2 and Van der Waals forces: A 2 c 0 z h 03, h 04, h h h h 02, 01, 04, 03, x Stability for A Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann 12
13 Thank You for Your Attention! Thin Film Behavior after Ink Transfer in Printing Processes N. Bornemann, H. M. Sauer, E. Dörsam Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Institute of Printing Science and Technology Magdalenenstr. 2 DE Darmstadt Tel. +49 (0) bornemann@idd.tu-darmstadt.de This work was funded by the BMBF under grant no. 13N Institute of Printing Science and Technology Thin Film Behavior N. Bornemann
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