CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS:
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1 14. POLYMES Syopss: 1. Polymers are the compouds of very hgh molecular eght formed by combg large umber of small molecules. 2. I Greek poly = may, mero s = parts 3. The smple molecule hch combe to gve polymer are called moomers 4. The process of coverso of moomers (smple molecule) to polymers s called polymersato. E.g. Polymersato of ethylee 2 = 2 polymersato ( 2 2 ) ethylee (moomer) polyethylee (polymer) CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMES: 5. Polymers are classfed a umber of ays as 1) assfcato based o source of avalablty. 2) assfcato based upo structure. 3) assfcato based upo molecular forces. 4) assfcato based upo mode of sythess. 6. 1) Based o the source the polymers aga classfed as 7. a) Natural polymers b) sythetc polymers 8. The polymers obtaed from ature (plats ad amals) are called Natural polymers. Ex. Starch, cellulose, Natural rubbers, protes, Nuclec acd (DNA, NA), cotto, slk, ool) 9. The polymers hch are prepared the laboratores are called sythetc polymers 10. E.g. Poleythylee, polyvylchlorde (pvc), Nylo, Teflo, Backelte, Terylee etc ) Based o the structure polymers are classfed as (a) lear polymer (b) Brached cha polymer (c) cross lked polymer 12. I lear polymer the moomerc uts are lked together to form lear cha. E.g. Polyethylee, Nylo, polyester etc. 13. I brached cha polymers the moomerc uts are joed to form log chas th sde chas (or) Braches of dfferet legth. E.g. Glycoge, starch, L.D.P.E. etc. 14. I cross lked polymers the moomer uts are cross lked together to form a three dmesoal Netork. E.g. Bakelte, melame formaldehyde es polystyree Butadee ) Based o the molecular forces polymers are classfed as a) Thermoplastc b) Thermosettg c) Flastomers d) Fbres 16. Thermoplastcs are the polymers hch softe o heatg ad harde o coolg reversbly. 17. E.g. Polyethylee, polysteree, pvc, Teflo, Nylo, sealg ax. 18. Thermosettg plastcs are the polymers hch udergo permaet chage o heatg(rreversble) 19. E.g. Bakelte, Polyester, Polysloxaes. 20. Elastomers are the polymers hch posses elastc character. 21. E.g. Natural rubber 1
2 22. Fbres are polymers hch the chas are held by termolecular forces lke H bod, Dpole dpole teracto. 23. E.g. Nylo, poly Acrylotrle 24. 4) Based o the mode of sythess polymer are classfed as 25. Addto polymers b) codesato polymers 26. A polymer formed by drect addto of repeated moomer thout the elmato of by product molecules are called Addto polymer. 27. E.g. Polyethylee, polypropylee, pvc, Teflo, orlu, Neopree, pvp (polyvyl pyroldoe) 28. A polymer formed by the codesato of to (or) more moomers th the elmato of smple molecule lke H 2 O, NH 3, H, alcohol etc. are called codesato polymer. 29. E.g. Terylee, Bakelte, Alkyl es, Nylo 6, Leather, cellulose, ayo etc. are the example of orgac polymer ad Glass (Glcoe rubber) s the example of orgac polymers. 31. Carothers, mark ad flory classfed the polymers to to categores based o the mechasm of polymersato. a) Addto polymersato (or) cha groth polymersato. b) Codesato polymersato (or) step groth polymersato. 32. Addto polymers are formed by the combato of moomers thout the elmato of some byproduct molecules. 33. Alkee, Alkadees ad ther dervatves are used as moomer the formato of addto polymers. 34. Addto polymersato ca take place through the formato of ether free radcal (or) os such as carbaos (or) carbocatos. 35. Addto polymersato reacto s very rapd ad takes place 3 steps (a) cha tato (b) cha propagato (c) cha termato. 36. Addto polymersato dvded to 2 types. a) Ioc polymersato b) free radcal polymersato. 37. Ioc polymersato: 38. The Addto polymersato that takes place due to Ioc termedate s called Ioc Addto polymersato. 39. Based o the ature of os used for the tato process Ioc polymersato classfed to 2 types a) Catoc polymersato b) Aoc polymersato 40. Catoc polymersato s tated by a acd (Les acds such as BF 3, Al 3, Fe 3, S 4, H 2 SO 4, HF presece of small amout of H 2 O. 41. E.g. Isobutylee Butyl rubber, polystyree. Polyvyl ether. 42. H 2 SO 4 H + + HSO HF H + + F 44. BF 3 + H 2 O H + + BF 3 (OH ) 2
3 45. H + 2 = 3 acd G G vyl moomer 3 Polymers a) Cha tato: Proto (H + ) add to C C double bod of alkee to form stable carbocato. + carbocato 46. (G = e doatg group, + I effect) 47. b) Cha propagato: Carbocato add to the C C double bod of aother moomer molecule to from e carbocato = G eapeated + = c) Termato: eacto s termated by combato of carbocato th egatve o (or) by loss of proto ( ) + HSO 3 ( 2 ) = + H2SO4 52. Aoc polymersato s tated by ao (may be base (or) ucleophles such as -butyl lthum (or) Potassum amde) 53. Moomer, cotag e thdrag groups lke pheyl ( C 6 H 5 ). Ntrle ( CN) etc. udergo aoc addto polymersato. 54. E.g. Polystyree, Poly acylotrle 55. Cha tato: K NH2 + 2 = H2N 2 K 57. Cha propagato: W H2N = W W = (epeat) W H2N 2 2 W W 59. H2N 2 (2 ) 2 W W W
4 60. Aoc polymersato has o cha termato reacto. 61. Polymer formed from oe type of moomer s homopolymer. 62. E.g. Polystyree, Polyethee, PVC, Neopree 63. Polymer formed from to or more dfferet moomers s copolymer (or) mxed polymer. 64. E.g. Bua s-rubber (Polymer of styree ad butadee) 65. Nylo 6,6 (Polymer of hexametheledee dame ad adpc acd) 66. Copolymers are classfed to 4 types 67. ) adom co-polymer: I ths moomer uts are arraged radomly. 68. ) Alteratg co-polymer: I ths moomer uts are arraged alteratvely. 69. ) Block co-polymer: I ths moomer uts are arraged as legthy block. 70. v) Graft co-polymer: I ths polymer ma cha s made of oe type of moomer ad braches are made of aother type of moomer. 71. Natural rubber: ubber s a aturally occurrg polymer. It s obtaed as latex from rubber tree, shaubs ad ves. 72. Latex s a emulso of polyhydrocarbo droplets a aq. soluto. Latex cota 35% rubber. 73. ubber preset latex s coagulated by the addto of 3 COOH (or) HCOOH 74. ubber trees are foud Ida, Malaysa, Idoesa, Ceylo, South Amerca. 75. Structure rubber: E.F of rubber C 5 H O strog heatg t gves Co 2, H 2 O, SO t cota C, H Whe heated absece of ar (or) O 2 gves sopree ( 2 = C ). So atural rubber s the polymer of sopree. 78. It s a lear polymer, sopree ut are joed head to tal by 1, 4 lks = C = 2+ 2 C = ( 2 C = 2 2 C ) X-ray studes dcate that atural rubber sopree uts are arraged cs from 81. It cota 11,000 to 20,000 sopree uts th molecular t. 13,0000 to 34, Vulcasato of rubber: Natural rubber s a thermoplastc t s soft, stcky ad s ot hard ad tough. 83. It has lo tesle stregth ad lo elastcty due to absece of cross lks betee the polymer. 84. The process of heatg atural rubber th sulphur to mprove ts propertes ( K) s vulcasato. 85. ZO, Zc stearate are used to accelerate the rate of vulcasao. 86. I atural rubber vulcasato takes place at 2 preset ext to double bod ad s-form cross lk at these cetres. 87. Vulcased rubber s hard ad o stcky. It has hgh tesle stregth, hgh elastcty. It s soluble all the commo solvets. Hgh resstace to chemcal oxdato ad orgac solvets. 3 4
5 88. Sythetc ubber: Sythetc polymers are ether homopolymer of 1,3 butadee (or)_ copolymer hch oe of the moomer s 1,3 butadee (or) t dervatve. It udergo vulcasato lke atural rubber. 89. Some commo examples of sythetc rubber. Neopree, styree-butadee rubber (SB), slcoes, polyurethae rubber etc. Propertes Natural Polymer Sythetc polymer Preparato By ature (e.g. I the lab (e.g. Jute, slk, ool Nylo, teree, decro Legth No uform uform Affty for s hgh lo vat dyes Fxg qualty lo hgh Some commercally mportat polymers : S.NO. Name of polymer Structure Moomer Uses LDPE: Ppes Agrculture rrgato as 1. Polythee (ethylee) sulato domestc ater les HDPE: Atcorrosve, packg materals, house hold artcles 2. Polyvyl chlorde(pvc) 2 2 Vyl chlorde Maufacture racoats, had bags, cheap plastc for cable sulato 3. Polystyree C 6 H 5 = 2 Styree As sulator, maufacture of rado TV cabets, toys, rappg mat 4. Neopree 2 C 2 2 C 2 As sulator makg coveyor belts ad prtg rollers 5
6 5. Bakelte Nylo-6 (or) Perlo L Polyethylee Tetra phthalate (PET) (or) Terylee (or) Dacro Ntrte rubber (Bua N) Poly tetrafluo Ethylee (PTFE)(or) Teflo 10. Slcoe polymers O OH 11. Polyvyl pyrroldoe Artfcal slk or ayo 2 OH O NH 2 C 5 2 C COO CF 2 CF 2 HO S O S OH 2 N CO 2 2 CN Four dfferet types of rayo (a) Pyroxyle (b) vscose rayo (c) Acetate rayo (d) Cupramoum rayo C 6 H 5 OH (pheol) HO (formaldehyde) ) HOOC 2) HO CF 2 = CF 2 HO 2 H 2 C CO NH COOH 2 2 OH 1) 2 = = 2 2) 2 = CN S N OH CO H 2 C 2 N - vyl pyrroldoe Polymers For makg gears protectve coatg ad electrcal fttg For makg fbres, plastcs, tyre cords ad ropes For fbres belts, cords, etc. makg safety tyre tets Makg ol seals, maufacture of hoses ad tak lg As lubrcat sulator ad makg cookg ares Surface coatg, as Elastomers, aeroplaes ad mssles Lfe savg sub s as blood plasma, as a addtve to may basc dye composto to deepe the colour of the dye. Used packages ad rappg destve photo flms 13. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (or) plex glass 2 3 C COO 3 3 = C COO 2 3 As substtute of glass ad for makg decoratve artcles 14. Urea formaldehyde res NH CO NH 2 1) HO (formaldehyde) 2) H 2 N CO NH 2 (Urea) For makg ubreakable cups ad lamated sheets 15. Styree butadee rubber Bua s ( 2 = 2 2 ) 2 5 1) 2 = = 2 I makg Automoble tyres ad footear 6
7 (or) SB (or) GA 2) 2 = 6 5 MOLECULA WEIGHTS OF POLYMES : Molecular eghts of polymers expressed several methods. (1) Number Average molecular eght M (2) Weght Average molecular eght M (3) Z Average molecular eght M z (4) Vscosty Average molecular eght M v Number Average molecular eght (M ) If N 1, N 2, N 3 are the umber of molecules th molecular masses M 1 M 2 M respectvely. The Number Average molecular mass NM 1 1+ N2M2 + N3M3 M = N1+ N2 + N3 NM M = N It s determed by (1) Aalyss of ed group (2) Collgatve property lke osmotc pressure WEIGHT AVEAGE MOLECULA WEIGHT : If m 1, m 2, m 3 are the masses of speces th molecular masses M 1, M 2, M 3 respectvely the the eght average molecular eght mm 1 1+ mm mm 3 3 m = m + m + m m m M mm = m NM = NM ca be determed by lght scatterg ad ultracetrfuge method. Polydspersty Idex (PDI) The rato of eght average molecular mass ( M ) ad Number average mass ( M ) s called poly dspersty dex (PDI) M PDI = M Polymers for hch M = M are called moo dsperse Most of atural polymers are moo dspersed (PDI s uty). But sythetc polymers or poly dspersed (PDI s greater tha uty) M > M 7
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