Jurgen 0. Besenhard, Werner Sitte, Franz Stelzer, Heinz Gamsjager (eds.) Electroactive Materials. Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH

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2 Jurgen 0. Besenhard, Werner Sitte, Franz Stelzer, Heinz Gamsjager (eds.) Electroactive Materials Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH

3 Prof. Dr. Jiirgen 0. Besenhard Institute of Chemical Technology oflnorganic Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria Prof. Dr.Wemer Sitte Institute of Physical Chemistry, University ofleoben, Leoben, Austria Prof. Dr. Franz Stelzer Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria Prof. Dr. Heinz Gamsjager Institute of Physical Chemistry, University ofleoben, Leoben, Austria This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer Vienna in Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: With 67 Figures CIP data applied for Special Edition of Monatsheftefor Chemie/Chemical Monthly Vol. 132, No.4, 2001 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

4 Editorial Electroactive materials are playing an ever increasing role in science and technology. At present, the wide range of applications for these materials includes electrodes and membranes for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, electroceramic devices and sensors, organic diodes, magnetic and optical devices, and photoresists. To understand the complex functionality of the materials involved in various devices necessarily requires a long-term, interdisciplinary fundamental research effort by chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and engineers. To support intensive research in this field, the special research program (SFB) 'Electroactive Materials' was established by the Austrian Science Fund in 1996, integrating already existing research activities at the Graz University of Technology (Erzherzog-Johann-Universitiit) and the University of Graz (Karl Franzens-Universitiit). The major goal of this special research program is the preparation, characterization, and application of technologically relevant organic and inorganic materials with special electrochemical, electric, dielectric, and optoelectronic properties. The individual projects cover research activities on organic as well as inorganic electroactive materials for new types of devices and the improvement of the functional materials themselves. With this special issue 'Electroactive Materials' the Editors of Chemical Monthly offered the SFB a forum for presenting an overview of the current research activities. These involve the synthesis of electroactive organic and inorganic materials as well as new methods for their characterization and application. We are also very pleased to include an Invited Review by Serdar Sariciftci on recent developments in conjugated polymer-based plastic solar cells. Thus, the contributed articles cover not only a broad spectrum of aspects in synthesis and characterization of organic materials with properties qualifying them for use in various optoelectronic and electro-optic devices, but also recent results of research on materials for applications in advanced devices for energy conversion and storage. Each article highlights an actual topic of the respective research group, often including a broader introduction for readers not fully involved in the field. We are proud to be able to offer 12 articles dealing with purely organic materials such as conjugated polymers and organosilanes, thin-film zinc/manganese dioxide electrodes, studies on the anode/electrolyte interface in lithium ion batteries, a novel technique for manufacturing highly conductive composite materials by dip-coating insulators with conductive materials, a new method for conductivity relaxation measurements on mixed conductors using the van der Pauw geometry, the application of surface science to the investigation of thin films and interfaces of electroactive organic materials, preparation and radical oligomerization of an Fe(II) complex without loss of spin-crossover properties, and a paper dealing with phase

5 VI Editorial gratings in photoreactive polymers as a way to optically pumped organic lasers. Last but not least, one contribution reports on important progress in high-spatial resolution elemental analysis and mapping by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectrometry. All contributors hope that their individual papers could also make visible new trends in the various research fields of electroactive materials. We want to thank the Austrian Science Fund, the Austrian National Bank (OENB), the Federal State of Styria, and the City of Graz as well as the Graz University of Technology and the University of Graz for financial support. In addition, we gratefully appreciate the invaluable help of H. Kalchhauser in publishing this special issue. Jiirgen 0. Besenhard Werner Sitte Franz Stelzer Heinz Gamsjiiger Issue Editors

6 Contents Brabec C. J., Sariciftci S. N. Recent Developments in Conjugated Polymer Based Plastic Solar Cells Resel R., Kiebooms R., Vanderzande D., Stelzer F. Intermolecular Order of Poly-(2,5-dimethyl-para-phenylene vinylene) and Poly-(para-phenylene vinylene)- A Comparison Schlick H., Stelzer F., Leising G. Chemical and Optical Properties of New Highly Luminescent Alternating Oligo-m,p-phenylenevinylenes Grogger C., Rautz H., Stiiger H. Donor-Acceptor Substituted Cyclohexasilanes: Materials with Potential Nonlinear Optical Properties Barbie P., Binder L., Voj3 S., Hofer F., Grogger W. Thin-Film Zinc/Manganese Dioxide Electrodes Winter M., Appel W. K., Evers B., Hodal T., Moller K.-C., Schneider I., Wachtler M., Wagner M. R., Wrodnigg G. H., Besenhard J. 0. Studies on the Anode/Electrolyte Interface in Lithium Ion Batteries Voj3 S., Nigmatoulline V., Bele M., Pejovnik S., Besenhard J. 0. A Method of Manufacturing Highly Conductive Composite Materials by Coating Surfaces of Nonconductors with Fine Particulate Conductive Substances Preis W., Holzinger M., Sitte W. Application of the van der Pauw Method to Conductivity Relaxation Experiments on YBa2Cu Blyth R. I. R., Duschek R., Koller G., Netzer F. P., Ramsey M. G. Thin Films and Interfaces of Electroactive Organic Materials: The Surface Science Approach Schwarzenbacher G., Gangl M. S., Goriup M., Winter M., Grunert M., Renz F., Linert W., Saf R. Preparation and Radical Oligomerization of an Fe(II) Complex without Loss of Spin-Crossover Properties

7 VIII Contents Kavc T., Kern W., Zenz C., Leising G., Kranzelbinder G., Toussaere E. Phase Gratings in Photoreactive Polymers: A Way to Optically Pumped Organic Lasers Papst /., Kothleitner G., Hofer F., Binder L. Mapping the Distribution of Doping Elements in Electrolytically Doped Manganese Dioxide by EFfEM and EELS