B3 Revision Exchange of materials transpiration stream

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1 B3 Revision B3 Further Biology is an extension module offered to all Triple Science students. The modular exam is a 45 minute exam which covers 3 main topics (exchange of materials, transporting substances around the body and microbiology) which can be broken down into several subtopics. Exchange of materials you must be able to. Describe osmosis, diffusion and active transport and the differences between them. Specifically you should know where these processes may occur and why they are so important in biological processes. Describe how the lungs are adapted for efficient gas exchange Annotate a diagram of alveoli and be able to describe how its structure relates to its function Explain how products of digestion move into the bloodstream Describe the adaptations in the small intestine and how these adaptations allow for efficeint absorption of food (ensure you discuss surface area to volume ratio) Describe gas and solute exchange in other organisms (fish, tadpoles, frogs, insects and plants) and make comparisons to the human body systems Explain how leaves are adapted for efficient diffusion of carbon dioxide from the air Describe the role of the stomata and how they are controlled Describe how plants are adapted to take up water and mineral ions from the soil Describe the process of transpiration and know what a transpiration stream is Describe the effect of environmental factors on transpiration Explain how plants manage water loss and how wilting helps plant survival

2 Transporting substances around the body you need to be able. Name the three main blood vessels and their distinctive features Describe how the circulatory system works and why the heart can be described as a pump Annotate a diagram of the heart, highlighting how it is adapted for the job it performs Describe the make up of blood and how red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen efficiently around the body, including the formation and breakdown of oxyhaemoglobin Explain what glycogen is and it s use in the body Describe the human body response to increased oxygen demands during exercise and the benefits of exercise Explain why muscles use anaerobic respiration to obtain energy and why less energy is released through anaerobic respiration as opposed to aerobic respiration Describe oxygen debt Explain the importance of kidneys in the human body and how they work (selective reabsorption) Describe how sugar and dissolved ions move back into the blood, and the content of urine Explain why kidneys might fail and why this is such a threat to life Describe the two treatments of kidney failure (dialysis and transplant) and compare the treatments, identifying advantages and disadvantages for both Microbiology you must be able to. Describe the conditions needed for microbe growth and how you can grow microorganisms safely in a lab Describe the use of yeast and explain the use of fermentation in making alcoholic drinks Explain how bacteria is used in the production of both yoghurt and cheese Describe how microbes are cultured on a large scale Explain how fungi can be used in mycoprotein production Describe how penicillin was discovered and then developed Describe the medium (ie sugars, nutrients) required to successfully grow Penicillium fungus Describe what biogas is and how it is produced Describe how yeast produces fuel for cars and the impact biofuels have on the environment

3 Revision guide to C3 For excellent revision notes and quizzes go to Doc Brown Describe the development of the Periodic Table, including the work by Mendeleev and Newlands. Link the position of an element in the Periodic Table to its electronic structure. Describe the physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals Explain the trend in reactivity of the alkali metals Explain that water must be present for a substance to act as an acid or an alkali Explain that acids produce hydrated ions in aqueous solution, and alkalis produce hydroxide ions in solution Explain the difference between strong and weak acids and alkalis, giving examples of each Evaluate the contributions of Arrhenius, Brønsted and Lowry to our understanding of acid base behaviour Define an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor Describe the physical and chemical properties of the transition metals and compare them with the alkali metals Describe special properties of the transition metals Explain why the transition metals have special properties. Describe the chemical and physical properties of the halogens Explain the trend in reactivity of the halogens. Describe how an acid alkali titration can be carried out. Calculate the chemical quantities for reactions in solution. Choose a suitable indicator for a titration.

4 Describe the energy changes involved in exothermic and endothermic reactions Draw an energy diagram to represent the energy changes in a reaction, including the activation energy. Calculate the energy change in a reaction using bond energies. Describe how simple calorimetry can be used to measure the energy released when a fuel or food is burned. Calculate the energy stored in some foods. Evaluate the social, economic and environmental consequences of using fuels. Calculate the energy change for reactions in solution. Explain how water is cycled by a continuous process involving evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Explain that our water must be of the correct quality with sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microorganisms and explain how this is achieved by filtration and chlorination Describe how water filters remove dissolved substances from tap water. Describe how pure water is obtained by distillation. Describe how most ionic compounds are soluble in water, while many covalent substances are insoluble Describe how the solubility of gases changes as the temperature and pressure change Explain that a saturated solution is one in which no more solute will dissolve at that temperature Interpret solubility curves and explain when crystallisation will occur. Describe the effects of both hard and soft water on soap. Explain how hard water is formed Explain the difference between permanently hard water and temporarily hard water. Describe the advantages to health of drinking hard water Explain the disadvantages of using hard water Describe how to remove the hardness from water. Describe how flame tests can be used to identify some metal ions Know the flame colours for lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and barium compounds. Distinguish between some metal ions by their reaction with sodium hydroxide solution. Describe how zinc carbonate and copper carbonate decompose when they are heated

5 Identify these carbonates by their distinctive colour changes. Describe how to test for halide ions using silver nitrate solution Describe how to test for sulfate ions using barium chloride solution Describe how to test for nitrate ions using aluminium powder and sodium hydroxide sol. Describe how organic compounds burn or char Explain that unsaturated organic compounds containing a double bond decolourise bromine water Find the empirical formula of an organic compound from the masses of the products formed when a known mass of the compound is burned. Describe how the development of modern instrumental methods has been aided by the rapid progress in technology Explain that instrumental methods are accurate, sensitive and rapid Explain that instrumental methods are particularly useful when the amount of sample is very small. Describe how some instrumental methods are suited to identifying elements Describe how some instrumental methods are suited to identifying compounds Describe how some methods can be adapted for elements or compounds. Use the AQA website to gain access to all past papers on C3 there are not many available. Use Doc Brown website to revise and test yourself Use SAM learning to help revise. Ask questions of your teachers we are here to help you gain your target grade or better.

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7 Top Tips for Peak Performance in Physics 3. Learn the key vocabulary for the unit; words like moment, centripetal, hypothesis, model, polar, geostationary, convex, concave, converging, diverging, real, virtual, refraction, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, oscilloscope, induction. Do not waste valuable revision time learning the formulae; they are given to you in the exam. Use a variety of different sources (text books, websites) to supplement your notes. Know the key process; o formation of a star, o production of electricity o development of a scientific theory MAKE EXAM PRACTISE COUNT! Use a timer you are allowed a mark a minute. Practice writing legibly get someone to read or mark your work Be honest and realistic with yourself when you are marking work. Focus your revision on the areas where you are getting questions wrong. When you have used up all the past papers on the AQA website( try the other two exam boards for suitable questions. & Show your working ALWAYS!

8 P3.1 I can recall that the turning effect of a force is called a moment. I can use the equation for calculating moments. H I can use the idea that moments are balanced when an object is not turning to calculate forces or distances on balanced objects. P3.2 I can describe what is meant by the centre of mass of a body. I can explain how to find the centre of mass of symmetrical bodies or thin sheets of material. P3.3 H I can recognise the factors that affect stability. H I can explain why the different factors affect stability. P3.4 I can identify which forces provide the centripetal force in a given situation. I can explain what centripetal force is. I can explain how centripetal force changes if the mass or speed of the body changes or if the radius of the circle changes. P3.5 I can describe the shapes of the orbits of the planets, and how the speed and time for an orbit changes with distance from the Sun. I can explain how the force of gravity between two bodies changes with their masses and the distance between them. P3.6 I can distinguish between models based on evidence and those based on non-scientific ideas. W I can explain that hypotheses or scientific models can be used to make predictions that can be tested. I can explain that if the theories and models we have available to us do not completely match our data or observations, then we need to check the validity of our observations or data, or amend the theories or models. P3.7 I can recall how the speed of a satellite and the time for an orbit depend on its distance from the Earth. I can recall that communications satellites are usually put into a geostationary orbit above the equator and monitoring satellites are usually put into a low polar orbit. P3.10 I can describe the nature of the image produced by a plane mirror. I can construct a labelled ray diagram to show how the image is formed P3.11 I can describe the nature of the images formed by convex and concave mirrors. I can construct ray diagrams to show the formation of images by curved mirrors. I can calculate the magnification produced by a curved mirror. P3.12 I can describe how light is refracted when it passes from one material to another. I can describe how light is refracted by a prism. P3.13 I can describe the images produced by diverging and converging lenses, and how a converging lens can be used as a magnifying glass.

9 I can construct ray diagrams to show the formation of images and calculate their magnification. P3.14 I can explain why lenses are needed in cameras. I can explain how a converging lens is used in a camera to produce an image. P3.15 I can describe how sounds are caused, how they travel, and how they are reflected and refracted. I can describe sounds in terms of frequency, amplitude and waveform. P3.16 I can explain what ultrasound waves are and how they are generated. I can describe some uses of ultrasound waves. I can work out distances between interfaces from diagrams of oscilloscope traces. P3.17 I can recall that a conductor carrying an electric current may experience a force when it is in a magnetic field, but not if it is parallel to the field. I can explain how to increase the size of a force produced by the motor effect, and how to change its direction. I can explain how the motor effect is used in simple devices. P3.18 I can describe how a potential difference can be induced in a wire or a coil of wire. I can describe how to change the size and direction of the induced potential difference. P3.19 H I can explain how an a.c. generator works. H I can explain the function of slip rings and brushes. P3.20 I can describe the basic structure of a transformer and explain how it works I can explain the difference between step-up and step-down transformers, and give examples of where each type is used. I can recall and use the equation for calculating the potential differences in a transformer.