PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR

Transcription

1 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR

2 WHAT ARE PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS? (PGRs) PGRs are a class of chemicals used in a variety of crops worldwide to modify the growth of plants. PGRs reduce plant height and increase stem thickness in cereal crops. PGRs benefit crop production by modifying the balance of plant hormones. PGRs help reduce lodging and maintain yield potential in cereal crops. PGRs that reduce plant height and lodging are registered through the PMRA There are two primary types of PGRs with differing modes of action used in cereal crop production. UNDERSTANDING PLANT HORMONES Plant hormones: are signaling molecules that regulate plant growth and development are not nutrients, but naturally occurring chemicals that promote and influence the growth, development, and differentiation of cells and tissues in plants are generally categorized into five classical groups

3 HORMONE ACTION BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS Auxin Cytokinins Gibberellins (GA) Abscisic Acid (ABA) Ethylene Stimulate Plant Growth Inhibit Plant Growth Stimulates cell elongation and facilitates the tropic response of bending due to gravity and light. (Causes plants to grow towards the light source) Stimulates cell division and the growth of lateral buds. This is what causes lawns to become thicker when grass is cut frequently. Stimulates cell elongation and cell division to give plants their height. Stimulates the closure of stomata (tiny pores on the leaf of the plant that allow the plant to breath) and usually inhibits growth. ABA prepares the plant for stress or dormancy Stimulates fruit ripening. Misapplied ethylene can cause stunted growth and twisting of plants, and abnormal stem thickening. Auxin & Cytokinin hormones work together to regulate plant growth relative to root development. Ethylene & Gibberellins are the hormones targeted by the two different types of plant growth regulators in cereal crops. PGRs in Cereal Production PGRs are used on cereals to prevent lodging by helping plants develop shorter, thicker, stronger stems. Lodging in cereal crops occurs as a result of cultivar susceptibility, weather, and crop management. Increasing fertility and seeding rates will often increase lodging. Crop lodging interferes with water and nutrient uptake reduces light interception increases disease potential reduces quality increases harvesting cost reduces grain yield Lodging is a major limiting factor in attaining high yields from increased nitrogen fertilization. PGR s are sprayed on the crop in the same way as an herbicide or fungicide. Ethylene stimulates the release of dormancy and induces fruit ripening. Bananas shipped to northern countries are often picked green and treated with an ethylene producing compound to induce ripening when required. Gibberellin stimulates stem growth through cell division and elongation. Gibberellin production is highest during periods of rapid growth. UNTREATED PGR TREATED

4 HOW PGRS WORK IN CEREAL CROPS Cereal plant growth regulators fall into two main groups: Ethylene releasing compounds add the hormone ethylene onto the plant reduce height and thicken stems when applied within a narrow application window may harm the plant when applied outside of their narrow application window Anti-Gibberellin Products reduce gibberellin production which reduces plant height and thickens stems significantly reduces the risk of lodging and yield loss in cereal grains are already in use globally in a wide variety of crops. There are several anti-gibberellin active ingredients used as PGRs primarily in cereals crops Trinexapac-ethyl & Prohexadione Ca Trinexapac-ethyl & Prohexadione Ca reduce gibberellic acid (GA) production late in the biosynthesis of GA, and has a short residual activity. Trinexapac ethyl is often tank mixed with Chlormequat because they are complimentary. Chlormequat Chlormequat reduces gibberellic acid (GA) production early in the biosynthesis of GA, and has a long residual activity. Since its introduction for use in 1965, Chlormequat Chloride has become the standard for lodging control in cereals. PGR COMPARISON Mode of Action Comparison of the major plant growth regulators used in Europe ETHEPHON Releases Ethylene Can cause stunted growth, abnormal stem thickening TRINEXAPAC ETHYL & PROHEXADIONE Ca Inhibits LATE stages of gibberellin biosynthesis UNFORMULATED CHLORMEQUAT Inhibits EARLY stages of gibberellin biosynthesis MANIPULATOR by ENGAGE AGRO Inhibits EARLY stages of gibberellin biosynthesis Minimum Temp. 15 C 10 C 8 C 1 C Application window GS Early flag swollen boot GS leaf GS leaf GS leaf - flag PGRs FOR CANADA PGRs with older formulations had two significant limitations that prevented their use in Canada a narrow application window a requirement for warmer temperatures (at least 8 C) in order to work MANIPULATOR Plant Growth Regulator utilizes Chlormequat, an established, widely accepted active ingredient in a new formulation that makes it ideal for use in Canadian growing conditions is a new formulation that includes safeners and low temperature activators provides improved performance and application flexibility

5 PGR APPLICATION TIMING ON WHEAT (spring, winter & durum) The chart below shows the results of a replicated research plot done by the Northeast Agriculture Research Foundation in Melfort, Saskatchewan. The plots were seeded with identical fertility packages. When MANIPULATOR is applied at herbicide timing (GS 21) it will result in a dramatic reduction in plant height and a reduction of lodging. In fields where lodging is not an issue, wheat treated with MANIPULATOR may not experience a yield increase. When MANIPULATOR is applied at flag leaf stage (GS 39) a significant reduction in height and a yield increase can be expected compared to untreated wheat. The best time to apply MANIPULATOR plant growth regulator is at the 5 to 6 leaf stage. (GS 30-32). If applied at GS 30-32, producers can expect a reduction in plant height and lodging, and a yield increase Height (cm) Yield (bu/ac) Untreated GS-21 GS GS-39 Untreated GS21 Herbicide timing GS leaf stage GS39 Flag Leaf stage Herbicide Timing 5-6 Leaf Stage Flag Leaf Stage

6 IDENTIFYING GROWTH STAGE Pull a sample which represents the average growth stage of the field. The wheat in this picture is at GS 30. Identify the main stem. This stem is usually the largest with the thickest stem. This plant is in GS 30. Remove the tillers. Cut the roots off at the base of the plant, then make a lateral cut from the base of the stem. Identify the head. If the head is more than 1 cm above the ground, and the first node is not visible, the plant is in GS 30. GS 30 If the head is 1 cm above the first visible node, the plant is in GS 31 If the head is 1 cm above the second node, the plant is in GS 32. GS 32

7 CANADIAN FIELD RESULTS Below is a summary of all Canadian plot results conducted from 2011 to In hard red spring varieties the trends show a height reduction of 10% or greater 83% of the time and a yield increase of 7.5% or greater 63% of the time. Occurrence 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Hard Red S.W. CPS HEIGHT REDUCTION 5% + 10% + 15%+ 20%+ CPS 12 Trials Height Reduction Occurrence 5% + 100% 10% + 67% 15%+ 33% 20%+ 8% Hard Red S.W. 35 Trials Height Reduction Occurrence 5% + 95% 10% + 83% 15%+ 53% 20%+ 20% Occurrence 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Hard Red S.W. CPS YIELD INCREASE 5% + 7.5%+ 10%+ CPS 12 Trials Yield Increase Occurrence 5% + 33% 7.5%+ 25% 10%+ 8% Hard Red S.W. 35 Trials Yield Increase Occurrence 5% + 85% 7.5%+ 63% 10%+ 55% MANIPULATOR UNTREATED

8 UPDATED CANADIAN FIELD RESULTS 2015 Long term study - plot results Manipulator applied at GS 31 (Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation) Links to 3 rd party 2015 research on MANIPULATOR PGR East Central Research Foundation (Yorkton) Impact of Manipulator on wheat with differing lodging resistance at high rates of N fertility Impact of Manipulator timing and N fertility on wheat lodging and yield Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation (Indian Head) Optimal Nitrogen rates for wheat with and without Plant Growth Regulators. Irrigation Crop Diversification Corporation (Outlook) Demonstration of Plant Growth Regulator Application on irrigated wheat production Northeast Agriculture Research Foundation (Melfort) Optimal Nitrogen Rate with Plant Growth Regulators and Fungicides for Spring Wheat Wheatland Conservation Area Inc. (Swift Current) Plant Growth Regulators and N Rates in Durum Wheat

9 WHEAT VARIETIES & PGRS Different varieties react differently to applied plant growth regulators. Three years of test data demonstrate a reduction in height and lodging in CPS varieties, however, in the absence of lodging in the untreated section we do not see a yield benefit. In hard red spring and durum varieties a yield increase was realized even in the absence of lodging in the untreated section. Formulation: Chlormequat chloride (620 grams / Litre + Proprietary Low Temp. Activators + Safeners) Suspension Concentrate (SC) Systemic Features: Performance not affected by temperature as low as 1 C Safening System Wide application window from growth stage (2-3 leaf to flag) Excellent tank mix compatibility Even in varieties that didn t show a reduction in growth height when treated with Manipulator, plant standability was enhanced by stronger, thicker stems. MANIPULATOR PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR For use on: Wheat (spring, winter & durum) Active Ingredient: Chlormequat chloride Formulation: Suspension concentrate Packaging: 2 x 10 litre jugs Mode of Action: Inhibits gibberellin production Application rate 1.8 Litres / Hectare or 0.7 Litres / Acre 1 x 10Litre jug treats 14 acres Water volume : 10 gal. / Acre Application timing: Full window (2 leaf to flag leaf) Optimal Timing: 5-6 leaf stage Rain fast 2 hours REFERENCES Kende, H, and Zeevaart, J. The Five Classical Plant Hormones. The Plant Cell 9.7 (1997): Print. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development 2008 Lodging of Cereal Crops. (2008, September 10). Retrieved from Kurepin, L., Ozga, J., Zaman, M., Pharis, R The physiology of plant hormones in cereal, oilseed and pulse crops. Prairie Soils and Crops Journal. 6:7-23 Retrieved from Navabi, A., Iqbal, M., Strenzke, K., and Spaner, D The relationship between lodging and plant height in a diverse wheat population. Can J Plant Sci. 86: Rademacher, W. and Brahm, L Plant Growth Regulators. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Rademacher, W Control of lodging in intense European cereal production. Presented at Plant Growth Regulation Society of America Conference 2010 pg Retrieved from Rademacher, W Growth Retardants: Effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu. Rev. Plant Physil. Plant Mol. Biol. 51: Silverstone, A. L., and T. P. Sun Gibberellins and the green revolution. Trends Plant Sci. 5:1-2 Taiz, L., and Zeiger, E., Plant physiology.5th ed., International ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. MANIPULATOR UNTREATED

10 Trial Results IHARF 2016 Indian Head, SK Fertility across all treatment: Seeding rate: 35 seeds / ft 2 Site was hit with hail mid-july resulting in estimated yield losses of 10% Height Untreated Manipulator Difference (cm) % difference CDC Plentiful 94.9 bc 85.3 ef CDC Utmost VB 93.5 bcd 83 f AC Carberry 86.6 e 76.9 g AC Strongfield 92.5 cd 84.4 ef AC Transcend a 92.4 d Elgin ND 95.3 b 86.5 e Yield (bu / ac) Untreated Manipulator Difference (bu) % difference CDC Plentiful f e CDC Utomost VB 62.9 c b AC Carberry e cd AC Strongfield de 67.5 b AC Transcend de b Elgin ND b a Lodging 1 10 Untreated Manipulator CDC Plentiful 5.18 b 1.1 d CDC Utomost VB 6.93 a 2.88 c AC Carberry 0.58 de 0.15 e AC Strongfield 5.93 b 3.48 c AC Transcend 5.73 b 3.33 c Elgin ND 2.93 c 0.55 de Protein % Untreated Manipulator CDC Plentiful 15.9 a 15.2 bc CDC Utomost VB 14.9 cd 14.5 ef AC Carberry 15.3 b 14.9 cd AC Strongfield 14.9 cd 14.4 f AC Transcend 14.7 de 13.9 g Elgin ND 14.5 ef 14.0 g

11 Trial Results IHARF 2017 Indian Head, SK Fertility across all treatment: Seeding rate: 35 seeds / ft 2 Site received 5.78 inches of rain throughout the growing season Height Untreated Manipulator Difference (cm) % difference CDC Plentiful 80.1 cde 74.5 gh % AAC Jatharia VB 88.9 a 80.8 cd % AAC Brandon CDC 77.0 efg 73.6 h % Landmark VB 78.2 def 73.0 h % AAC Spitfire 84.0 b 75.5 fgh % AC Transcend 87.4 a 81.9 bc % Yield (bu / ac) Untreated Manipulator Difference (bu) % difference CDC Plentiful d c % AAC Jatharia VB c b % AAC Brandon CDC b a % Landmark VB c b % AAC Spitfire b a % AC Transcend b a % Lodging 1 10 Untreated Manipulator CDC Plentiful 0.30 a 0.20 a AAC Jatharia VB 0.20 a 0.20 a AAC Brandon CDC 0.20 a 0.20 a Landmark VB 0.20 a 0.20 a AAC Spitfire 0.30 a 0.20 a AC Transcend 0.63 a 0.20 a Protein % Untreated Manipulator CDC Plentiful 13.8 e 13.9 de AAC Jatharia VB 14.4 ab 13.9 de AAC Brandon CDC 14.5 a 14.2 bc Landmark VB 14.4 a 14.1 cd AAC Spitfire 13.3 f 12.9 g AC Transcend 13.8 e 13.3 f

12 ENGAGE AGRO member of the Belchim Group