Do Native Plant Mixtures Reduce Invasions Along Roadsides in Wisconsin? Joslyn Mink MS Candidate University of Wisconsin-Madison
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1 Do Native Plant Mixtures Reduce Invasions Along Roadsides in Wisconsin? Joslyn Mink MS Candidate University of Wisconsin-Madison
2 Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) Invasive plants perceived to be common along Wisconsin roadsides Eurasian plants only including Native prairie plants Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources NR 40: List of Regulated Plant Species Classify Invasive Species as Prohibited or Restricted
3 Objective Determine if including native plant species reduces cover of invasive plants along roadsides
4 WisDOT Methods 1. Remove topsoil and keep in piles 2. Road construction
5 WisDOT Methods 3. Return topsoil to roadside 4. Seeding
6 WisDOT Methods 5. Mulch and/or Erosion Blanket 6. Mowing
7 Eurasian Seed Mixes Grasses - Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) - Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) - Hard Fescue (Festuca brevipila) - Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
8 Native Seed Mixes (used with an Eurasian mix) Grasses Sideoats Grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) Canada Wildrye (Elymus canadensis) Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) Forbs Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea) New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novaeangliae) Western Sunflower (Helianthus occidentalis) Yellow Coneflower (Ratibida pinnata) Showy Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
9 Roadsides Visited Sites 25 Eurasian Sites 11 Native + Eurasian Sites
10 Methods: Measurements Vegetative Cover Middle of summer 300 foot transect 50 points (every 6 feet) 1 Transect in each zone present Zone 4 = Backslope Zone 3 = Ditch Zone 2 = Sideslope
11 What About Zone 1? Mostly rocks Low plant cover Safety
12 Site History Information DOT Construction Plans Seed Mixes Used Age of Site Separated into 3 age classes: 1-3 years 4-5 years > 5 years
13 Methods: Statistics All analyses were completed using R software Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) To determine the effects of: Revegetation method Location along roadside Age of the site Arcsine transformations were conducted to meet the assumptions of ANOVA Tukey s Mean Separation to determine differences across significant factors
14 Invasive Plant Cover Classes Invasive Plant Association of Wisconsin (IPAW) - 66 species on their Working List of Invasive Plants Wisconsin s NR plant species Average Cover (%) Average Invasive Plant Cover Across All Sites IPAW Species NR 40 Species Invasive Plant List Used
15 Invasive Plants: Most Common Species IPAW Plants NR 40 Plants Plant Species Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis) 22 Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinaceae) 17 Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) 16 Quack Grass (Elymus repens) 15 Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) 9 Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) 16 Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) 16 Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) 14 Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) 13 Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) 11 Average Cover When Present (%)
16 Species Cover: ANOVA Results Cover Class Species Planted IPAW Species NR 40 Species Type of Seed Mixes Used Age Zone Tests for Interactions Type x Age Type x Zone Age x Zone 0.004** NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.01* NS < 0.001** NS NS NS NS 0.017* NS 0.013* NS NS NS Type x Age x Zone P-Value Significance Levels ** < 0.01 * < 0.05
17 Relative Cover Planted Species Composition on 36 WI Roadsides Planted: Eurasian Planted: Native Invasive: IPAW Non-Planted 100% 16 80% % 19 40% % 35 0% Eurasian Native + Eurasian Revegetation Method
18 Most Common Non-Planted, Nonlisted Species Plant Species Dogbane (Apocynum spp) 23 Yellow Foxtail (Setaria lutescens) 22 False Dandelion (Hypochoeris radicata) 12 Bouncing Bet (Saponaria officinalis) 12 Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) 11 Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) 9 Orchard Grass (Dactylis glomerata) 8 Black Medic (Medicago lupulina) 6 Average Cover When Present (%)
19 IPAW Invasive Plant Cover: Revegetation Method and Age 100 Eurasian Native + Eurasian Average Invasive Plant Cover (%) A AB AB B 56 B B yrs 4-5 yrs > 5 yrs Time Since Revegetated
20 25 Future Analyses: Cover of Invasive Plant Functional Groups 20 Average Invasive Plant Cover (%) Other Perennial Grasses 0 Eurasian Native + Eurasian Revegetation Method
21 Initial Conclusions Are native plants able to reduce invasive plant cover along roadsides? Interaction between age and seed mix Eurasian mixes improved over time Native + Eurasian mixes stayed the same over time Disturbance Poor establishment
22 Implications Others have found native plants can reduce invasive plants 1 Why we didn t see this? Species in native mixes Planting with Eurasian grasses Management 1 Blumenthal, D. M., Jordan, N. R., and Svenson, E. L Weed control as a rationale for restoration: the example of tallgrass prairie. Conservation Ecology 7:6.
23 Thanks
24 Questions?
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