Forewarned is Forearmed! Strategies for Development of EDRR Capacity in N.C. Margaret Fields The Nature Conservancy NC Exotic Pest Plant Council

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1 Forewarned is Forearmed! Strategies for Development of EDRR Capacity in N.C. Margaret Fields The Nature Conservancy NC Exotic Pest Plant Council

2 Rationale for EDRR 100 % Biological Potential % Potential Ecological Range Occupied Long Term Management -Expensive -Big Impacts Public Awareness of Problem Early Detection and Rapid Response -Low Costs - Short Term Impacts

3 Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force (Vitex rotundifolia) - EDRR Pilot Project Debordieu Beach Pawleys Island SC/NC Sea Turtle Network Clemson University Univ. of South Carolina NC State University SC/NC Native Plant Society SCDNR NCDENR SC/NC State Parks SC Nursery & Landscape Association USDA FS U.S. Geological Survey SC-EPPC NC-EPPC

4 The EDRR Weed Targets Intended to provide priorities for training Not all-inclusive nor of equal importance to ALL stakeholders Regulated species obviously listed due to their importance & fact state law prohibits sale, distribution and movement Not currently present in NC and could cause harm Currently established in NC but are targeted for either eradication OR containment & management

5 Species Descriptions edrrspecies.html NC Sandhills WMA

6 EDRR Target Weed Categories Not currently present in NC Present and targeted for: Eradication Containment and Management Each category contains a sub-category that identifies a target as either a regulated or nonregulated weed. (6 possible categories)

7 EDRR Category Examples Regulatory Status Regulated Presence & Action Not Present (Just Detect) Present (Detect & Eradicate) Benghal dayflower Present (Detect & Contain) Not Regulated Giant hogweed Mile-a-minute vine Garlic mustard Wavyleaf basket grass Yellow floating heart

8 N.C. EDRR Target List - Overview

9 I. Federal/State Regulated Early Detection Species 1. Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) 2. British Yellowhead (Inula britannica) 3. Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) 4. Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) 5. Japanese Dodder (Cuscuta japonica) 6. Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) 7. Caulerpa Marine Alga (Caulerpa taxifolia) 8. Mile-a-minute Vine (Persicaria perfoliata) Main

10 Scientific Name: Orobanche ramosa Common Name: Branched Broomrape EDRR Category Federal/State Regulated Early Detection Origin Mediterranean Region of S. Europe Introduction Contaminant of Seeds; Machinery Impact Parasitic Weed of Crops; Tomatoes Blue Bonnets in TX

11 Scientific Name: Inula britannica Common Name: British Yellowhead EDRR Category Federal/State Regulated (In Progress) Early Detection Species Origin Europe/Asia Introduction Contaminant of Hostas or Daylilies Impact Aggressive in Plant Nurseries; Landscapes Dandelion Infested Nursery

12 Scientific Name: Imperata Cylindrica Common Name: Cogongrass EDRR Category State/Federal E.D. Origin Asia Introduction Forage/Contaminant Impact 35 Crops/73 Countries; Wildfires, occurs in fields and Natural Areas Broomsedge

13 Scientific Name: Galega officinalis Common Name: Goatsrue EDRR Category Federal State/Regulated Early Detection Origin Eastern Europe Introduction Potential Forage Crop -Utah Impact Dense Thickets; Poisonous Vetch

14 Scientific Name: Cuscuta japonica Common Name: Japanese Dodder EDRR Category Federal/State Regulated Early Detection Origin Asia Introduction Medicinal Herb; Contaminant Impact Parasitizes Crops and Native Plants Native Dodder (Orange Color)

15 Scientific Name: Heracleum mantegazzianum Common Name: Giant Hogweed EDRR Category Federal/State Regulated; Early Detection Origin Eastern Europe Introduction Ornamental Plant Impact Aggressive Competitor Queen Anne s Lace

16 Scientific Name: Caulerpa taxifolia Common Name: Killer Algae EDRR Category Federal/State Regulated; Early Detection Origin South Pacific Introduction Escape from Saltwater Aquaria Impact Smothers out Marine Life

17 Scientific Name: Polygonum perfoliatum Common Name: Mile-a-minute Vine EDRR Categories State Regulated; Early Detection Native Range Eastern Asia; Philippines Introduction and Spread PA, 1930s; Contaminant of Holly Seeds from Japan, spread by seed, self-pollinating Impacts Smothers Vegetation

18 II. Non-regulated Early Detection Species. 9. Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum) 10. Wavyleaf Basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus Subspecies undulatifolius) 11. Crested Floating Heart (Nymphoides cristata) Main

19 Scientific Name: Lygodium microphyllum Common Name: Old World Climbing Fern EDRR Category Non-regulated Species (Being Listed) Early Detection Origin Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia Introduction and Spread Florida, 1960s; Ornamental Impacts Smothers Veg, palm habitat Infested Tree Hammock in Everglades Japanese Climbing Fern

20 Scientific Name: Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatus Common Name: Wavyleaf Basketgrass EDRR Categories Non-regulated, Early Detection Native Range Europe and Asia Introduction and Spread Unknown; Possibly as Ornamental Impacts Crowds out Native Understory Plants Japanese Stiltgrass

21 Scientific Name: Nymphoides cristata Common Name: Crested Floating Heart EDRR Categories Origin Asia Introduction Non-Regulated, Early Detection Water Garden Trade Impact Water Snowflake (N. indica) Crowds out Native Plants in still water Leaf Underside Rough Big Floating Heart (N. Aquatica) Leaf Underside Smooth Little Floating Heart (N. cordata) Crested Floating in Lake Marion, S.C.

22 III. Federal/State Regulated EDRR Species. 12. Beach Vitex (Vitex rotundifolia) 13. Benghal Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) 14. Bushkiller (Cayratia japonica) 15. Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) 16. Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) 17. Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) 18. Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) 19. Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) 20. Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) 21. Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor) 22. Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) 23. Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Main

23 Scientific Name: Vitex rotundifolia Common Name: Beach Vitex EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated, EDRR Native Range Korea and the Pacific Rim Introduction and Spread NC State Arboretum, 1985 Impacts Crowds out Native Dune Plants; Degrades Sea Turtle Nesting Habitat

24 Scientific Name: Commelina benghalensis Common Name: Benghal Dayflower EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated, EDRR Native Range Africa and Asia Introduction and Spread Contaminant of Seeds, Spices; Equipment and Machinery Impacts Serious crop weed, disturbed soil, cotton, Glyphosate-resistant

25 Scientific Name: Cayratia japonica Common Name: Bushkiller EDRR Categories State Regulated (NC); EDRR Native Range SE Asia, Australia Introduction and Spread Ornamental Impacts Smothers other Vegetation Virginia Creeper

26 Scientific Name: Cirsium arvense Common Name: Canada Thistle EDRR Categories State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Europe and Asia Introduction and Spread Seed and Hay Contaminant, and Machinery, and Vehicles Impacts Serious Crop Weed, roadside vector?

27 Scientific Name: Salvinia molesta Common Name: Giant Salvinia EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Brazil and Argentina Introduction and Spread Novelty Aquarium and Water Garden Plant; Contaminant Impacts Forms Thick Mats on Surface of Water Duckweed!

28 Scientific Name: Hydrilla verticillata Common Name: Hydrilla EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Africa and Asia Introduction Aquarium and Water Garden Plant Impacts Forms Dense Submerged Mats That Block Access to Waterways Brazilian Elodea

29 Scientific Name: Rottboellia cochinchinensis Common Name: Itchgrass EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Old World Tropics Now Widespread Introduction and Spread Crop Seed Contaminant; Machinery and Equipment Impacts Serious Crop Weed, cotton, corn Johnsongrass

30 Scientific Name: Tribulus terrestris Common Name: Puncturevine EDRR Categories State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Southern Europe, Asia Introduction Seed Contaminant; Equipment, Machinery, Vehicles Impacts Serious Crop Weed; Dangerous to Animals

31 Scientific Name: Lythrum salicaria Common Name: Purple Loosestrife EDRR Category State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Europe, Asia Introduction and Spread Ornamental Plant Impacts Outcompetes Wetland Plants Blazing Star!

32 Scientific Name: Orobanche minor Common Name: Small Broomrape EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Middle East, North Africa Introduction and Spread Seed Contaminant; Equipment, Machinery, Vehicles Impacts Serious Parasitic Weed of Crops Clover, Alfalfa, Spinach, legumes, etc.

33 Scientific Name: Solanum viarum Common Name: Tropical Soda Apple EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay Introduction and Spread Cattle, Manure, Hay, Seed, Sod Impacts Forms Impenetrable Thickets; Crowds out Forage Grasses and Native Plants

34 Scientific Name: Striga asiatica Common Name: Witchweed EDRR Categories Federal/State Regulated; EDRR Native Range Asia and Africa Introduction and Spread Contaminated Machinery After WWII Impacts Serious Parasitic Crop Weed; Can Cause Total Crop Failure

35 IV. Non-regulated EDRR Species. 24. Deeprooted Sedge (Cyperus enterianus) Main

36 Scientific Name: Cyperus entrerianus Common Name: Deeprooted Sedge EDRR Categories Non-regulated; EDRR Native Range South America Introduction and Spread Contaminant; Construction, Agriculture, Roadside Mowing Impacts Serious Invader of Coastal Plain Wetlands, Croplands, Forests Purple Nutsedge

37 V. Other Invasive Plants of Special Concern. (Limited Distribution in the State) 25. Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) 26. Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) 27. Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) Main

38 Scientific Name: Triadica sebifera Common Name: Chinese Tallow EDRR Categories Non-Regulated; Local Eradication Where Possible Native Range Asia Introduction and Spread S.C. 1776; Seed Oil Production, Ornamental Impacts Invades Undisturbed Forests and Natural Areas; likes wet areas, alters soil chemistry

39 Scientific Name: Alliaria petiolata Common Name: Garlic Mustard EDRR Categories Non-regulated; Local Eradication Where Possible Native Range Europe Introduction and Spread Cooking; Garlic Flavored Herb Impacts Forms Dense Stands in Woodlands. A number of sites in the mountains. First Year Rosettes

40 Scientific Name: Tamarix ramosissima Common Name: Saltcedar EDRR Categories Non-regulated; Local Eradication if Spreading Native Range Asia Introduction and Spread Ornamental Plant in Eastern USA Early 1800s; Wind and Water Impacts Serious Invader of Riparian Zones, throughout the Western U.S., could invade beach areas Saltcedar on Pawleys Island, S.C

41 Ultimate Objectives of EDRR Extend our capability to locate infestations of target species Prevent the establishment of target species Eradicate those infestations where it is possible to do so Contain and prevent the spread for those infestations where eradication is not feasible.

42 North Carolina EDRR System for Invasive Plants Reporting Protocols All Field Records Karan Rawlins (EDDMapS SE-EPPC) Federal and/or State Regulated Species CC to Rick Iverson (NCDA) All Non-regulated Species CC to Randy Westbrooks (USGS)

43 Species Descriptions edrrspecies.html