Scholar: Parth Raval, Ph.D Scholar, Deptt.of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T.&R.A. GAU,Jamnagar.

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1 Scholar: Parth Raval, Ph.D Scholar, Deptt.of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T.&R.A. GAU,Jamnagar. Guide By: Vd. B. R. Patel, Asst.Professor, Deptt.of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T.& R.A. GAU,Jamnagar.

2 India is blessed with largest and richest floral diversity in the world, and there are many species which resemble each other. Moreover, India is a vast country in which several languages, various synonyms and different nomenclatures are in practice according to different regions. So, naturally one plant is known by various names in various parts of the country which creates controversy in authentication of many plants mentioned in classics, while substitution, adulterants and collection by uneducated tribal collectors are also responsible factors for controversial aspects of drug. Hence, to solve this problem one should try to study the species which are abundantly available and in practice for that particular plant mentioned in classics. Dashamoola is an important group of ten plants whose roots are used for a variety of purposes. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, the Dashamoola drugs are used in maximum i.e. 82 formulations out of total 635 formulaions.

3 Unlike in the olden days when physicians themselves used to collect the herbs, prepare and administer the medicine, but now a days the newer generation of Ayurvedic physicians using prepared drugs available in the market. As a result, professional plant collectors have taken over the floor and the industry is forced to accept the herbs they bring on their terms without questioning. Herb collectors on their part, unable to meet increasing demand, adulterate the drugs with other plants, there by understanding the quality of the drug and credibility of the system. Availability of authentic Dashmoola raw material is most challenging today.

4 Today India having more than 9000 GMP licensed manufacturing units of Ayurveda pharmacy which manufacturer classical, patent or proprietary ayurvedic medicines. Adulteration in Dashamoola is a major issue in existing era of ayurvedic pharmaceuticals industry, due to the scarcity of the official botanical source (as per monograph). Many of these Plants were classified under different category of IUCN red list. Shyonak Patala Prushniparni bilva It indicates there is a burning need to evaluate of different source plants of Dashmoola.

5 Evaluation done on each dravya (official botanical source) of dashmoola with their probable botanical source plants and plant parts of same species. Evaluation done by Determination of Rasa Pharmacognostical profile Molecular characterization Phytochemical profile Pharmacological actions Discussion Conclusion

6 Comparison Done between Root, Stem and Leaf of Aegle marmelos Corr. I.e. Plant parts of official Species Root powder Microscopy leaf powder Microscopy

7 Comparative Phytochemical Profile of root vs leaf

8 Comparison Done between Root, Leaf of Premna integrifolia L And Clerodendrum phlomidis L. Comparative DNA Fingerprinting Profile of root vs leaf

9 Comparison Done between Root, Leaf of Premna integrifolia L And Clerodendrum phlomidis L.

10 Comparison Done between Root, Leaf of Premna integrifolia L And Clerodendrum phlomidis L. Comparative Phytochemical Profile of root vs leaf

11 Comparison Done between Root, Leaf of Premna integrifolia L And Clerodendrum phlomidis L. Comparative Pharmacological Profile of root vs leaf

12 Stem barks of Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum vent.) and Aralu (Ailanthus excelsa roxb.) RASANIRDHARANA STUDY total/32 Shyonak C Aralu C Shyonak K Aralu K Rasa Madhura Tikta Kashay percenta ge Rasa Shyonak C C=churna and K=kwath Aralu C Shyonak K Aralu K Madhura Tikta Kashay Anurasa Madhura Tikta Kashay Anurasa Madhura Tikta Kashay

13 Stem barks of Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum vent.) and Aralu (Ailanthus excelsa roxb.) Comparative Powder Microscopy of Both Species Shyonaka (Oroxylumindicum) Aralu (Ailanthus excelsa) Prismatic crystals- rod shaped Prismatic crystals - Rosette crystals Starch- mostly simple- round to Starch- Simple and compoundround to oval oval, rarely compound Cork cells - tangentially elongated Cork cells- tangentially elongated in surface view in surface view Sclereids Sclereids- Pitted Fibres (medullary rays) Fibres - Pitted stone cells

14 Stem barks of Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum vent.) and Aralu (Ailanthus excelsa roxb.) Comparative Phytochemical Profile of root vs leaf

15 Comparison Done between Stereospermum suaveolen (Roxb.). And Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.).

16 Comparison Done between Stereospermum suaveolen (Roxb.). And Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.). Comparative DNA Fingerprinting Comparative HPTLC Profile

17 Comparison Done between Stereospermum suaveolen (Roxb.). And Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.). Comparative Anti inflammatory activity

18 Comparison Done between Desmodium gangeticum DC. Desmodium repandum DC. Comparative Morphology Desmodium lexiflorum DC. Desmodium diffusum DC. Desmodium triflorum DC.

19 Rasa determination Comparison Done between Desmodium gangeticum DC. Desmodium repandum DC. Desmodium lexiflorum DC. Desmodium diffusum DC. Desmodium triflorum DC. Rasa Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta Kashaya Avyakta Sample DG Sample DR Sample DL Sample DT Sample DD Anurasa Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta Kashaya Avyakta Sample DG Sample DR Sample DL Sample DT Sample DD

20 Comparison Done between Desmodium gangeticum DC. Desmodium repandum DC. Desmodium lexiflorum DC. Desmodium diffusum DC. Desmodium triflorum DC. Comparative DNA fingerprinting

21 Comparative Morphology Comparison Done between Uraria picta Desv. and Alysicarpus longifolius W. & A. Prodr.

22 Comparison Done between Uraria picta Desv. and Alysicarpus longifolius W. & A. Prodr. Comparative Phytochemical analysis Parameters Uraria picta Alysicarpus longifolius Alkaloids + + Steroids + + Amino acids Carbohydrates + + Flavonoids + + Tannins + + Glycosides + --

23 Comparison Done between Uraria picta Desv. and Alysicarpus longifolius W. & A. Prodr. Comparative anti inflammatory action Parameter UP Groups AL % change % Increase of paw oedema after 3h ± ± % Increase of paw oedema after 6h ± ± Data: Mean ± SEM -Decrease

24 Comparison Done between Solanum incanum Linn. Solanum torvum Swartz. Comparative Rasa determination Solanum trilobatum Linn. Solanum dubium Fresen. Sample Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta Kashaya Rasa (%) S. indicum S. incanum S. torvum S. trilobatum S. dubium Anurasa (%) S. indicum S. incanum S. torvum S. trilobatum

25 Comparison Done between Solanum incanum Linn. Solanum torvum Swartz. Quantitative analysis Total Alkaloid content Comparative Phyto chemical profile Solanum trilobatum Linn. Solanum dubium Fresen. S. indicum S. incanum S. torvum S. trilobatum S. dubium 0.91 % 0.88 % 0.5 % 0.82 % 1.32 % The TLC profile shows almost similar Rf value of all five Solanum species.

26 Comparison Done between Solanum incanum Linn. Solanum torvum Swartz. Solanum trilobatum Linn. Solanum dubium Fresen. Comparative Antitussive activity Effect of different species of Solanum on SO 2 induced cough reflex in Swiss albino mice Group Dose Number of cough (mg / kg) episodes/ 5 min % change WC ± S. indicum ± 2.65 * S. incanum ± 1.93** S. torvum ± 2.58* S. trilobatum ± 1.82** S. dubium 550 Data: Mean SEM - decrease 59.0 ± 2.88* *P < 0.05 & ** P < 0.01 in comparison to water control group.

27 Comparison Done between 1. Tribulus lanuginosus L. 2. Tribulus subramanyamii P. Singh, Giri & V. Singh 3. Tribulus terrestris L.

28 Comparison Done between 1. Tribulus lanuginosus L. 2. Tribulus subramanyamii P. Singh, Giri & V. Singh 3. Tribulus terrestris L.

29 Comparison Done between 1. Tribulus lanuginosus L. 2. Tribulus subramanyamii P. Singh, Giri & V. Singh 3. Tribulus terrestris L.

30 Comparison Done between 1. Tribulus lanuginosus L. 2. Tribulus subramanyamii P. Singh, Giri & V. Singh 3. Tribulus terrestris L.

31 Observation and results were compared statistically, Discussed and presented inscientific manner. Observation and results were clearly reveal that various botanical source plants of dashmoola, plant parts of official dashmoola species having similar pharmacopeial profile like Rasanirdharana, pharmacognosy, phyto-chemical, molecular characterization (DNA Fingerprinting) and pharmacological actions. Clinical efficacy of Bilva, Shalparni, Agnimanth were evaluated by various plant sources and official species. It also support the currant study. Different botanical sources of dashmoola plant were belonging from same genus or same family was the reason for consisting similar pharmacopeial profile when comparing with official species as per monograph.

32 Scientific name should be used with Sanskrit names to avoid adulteration and Substitution. Different source plant of Dashmoola can be use instead of official species Usage of multiple botanical instead of official species as monograph is one of the possible solution to meet the availability and demand of all ayurveda medicinal plants. This concept was already mention in Ayurveda text उच त यस य य द शस तज ज तस य षध हहतम द श ऽन यत र प वसतस तत त ल यग णजन म अ.स.स.२३/३५-३६

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