Classification of cultivars: Customs and needs of different users. Marco Hoffman Naktuinbouw

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1 Classification of cultivars: Customs and needs of different users Marco Hoffman Naktuinbouw

2 Content of the presentation Introduction Options for classifying cultivars Are we satisfied? Customs and needs of users Concluding remarks and future

3 Introduction List of names of woody plants List of names of perennials > give preferable names for European nursery industry Under auspices of ENA Under auspices of ISU

4 Introduction (2) Next edition end 2015 Important decisions have to be made: Which new names will be included? Do we follow new taxonomical insights? (e.g. Sophora / Styphnolobium, Aster / Symphyotrichum, etc.) How to handle trade designations and trademarks? How do we classify the cultivars? (differs per ornamental crop)

5 Options for classifying cultivars

6 Classification into species Originally we use the hierarchical binomial system of Linnaeus Gives optimal genetic information (e.g. Hydrangea macrophylla Ankong versus Hydrangea Ankong ) For many perennials and woody plants this is still suitable (e.g. Betula, Buxus, Erica, Euphorbia, Vinca, etc.) Family (e.g. Betulaceae) Genus (e.g. Betula) Species (e.g. Betula utilus) Cultivar (e.g. Betula utilus Doorenbos )

7 EXAMPLE: Betula

8 Classification into groups For a relatively small percentage of ornamentals we have classifications in (cultivar) groups (e.g. Rosa, Rhododendron, Clematis, Chrysanthemum, Iris, etc.) Groups based on users criteria This has been made possible via ICNCP regulation Family (e.g. Ranunculaceae) Genus (e.g. Clematis) Group (e.g. Late Large-flowered Group) Cultivar (e.g. Clematis Jackmanii )

9 EXAMPLE: Clematis

10 Woody plants with groups Acer palmatum (5 Groups) Calibrachoa (2 Groups/series) Clematis (14 Groups) Cornus (1 Group) Cytisus (2 Groups) Rhododendron (48 Groups) Rosa (37 Groups) Syringa (1 Group) Weigela (8 Groups) Taxus (7 Groups) Hedera (2 Groups) Hydrangea macrophylla \ serrata (2 Groups) Mahonia (1 Group) Philadelphus (4 Groups)

11 Perennials with groups Agapanthus (5 Groups) Anemone (3 Groups) Aquilegia (4 Groups/series) Aster (3 Groups) Astilbe (2 Groups) Chrysanthemum (3 Groups) Delphinium (4 Groups) Dianthus (1 Group) Iris (3 Groups) Nepeta (1 Groups) Paeonia (2 Groups) Phlox (4 Groups) Pleione (8 Groups) Primula (4 Groups) Saxifraga (4 Groups) Tanacetum (1 Group) Tradescantia (1 Group) Viola (1 Group) Leucanthemum (1 Group)

12 Classification directly under genus (without group names) For some ornamentals cultivars are classified directly under the genus (e.g. Fuchsia, Hosta, Hemerocallis, etc.) This is the easiest way of classification Family (e.g. Hemerocallidaceae) Genus (e.g. Hemercocallis) Cultivar (e.g. Hemerocallis Stella de Oro )

13 EXAMPLE: Hemerocallis

14 Advantages and disadvantages of different systems Classification of cultivars in Ease Genetic info Users info Stability of name Species Genus Group

15 Are we satisfied?

16 Change of classification system? For more and more ornamentals the traditional classification of cultivars in species is not suitable anymore Due to intensification of breeding More and more crops are in transition area Old cultivars belong to species, many new cultivars not clearly (Camellia, Echinacea, Geranium, Symphoricarpos, Mahonia, etc.)

17 EXAMPLE: Echinacea

18 EXAMPLE: Camellia

19 Customizing classification? Registration authorities have to choose which classification per crop is used Especially crops in transition area give difficulties and questions Do we need more (cultivar) groups? Who provides us the (cultivar) groups?

20 Customs and needs of users

21 Which user groups? Statutory offices Taxonomists and ICRA s Industry Consumers

22 Statutory offices Especially plant variety offices (e.g. CPVO and many national plant variety rights offices) They mainly use species and genera for classifying cultivars Groups are not\seldom used in ornamentals Applicants have to determine the classification unit their selves (no real taxonomical check)

23 EXAMPLE: Echinacea at CPVO website

24 Taxonomist and ICRA s Classification must be scientifically correct (according rules of ICN and ICNCP) They can change and propose new classification systems Often limited by time and finances Communication with users (industry) is important Communication of results is essential

25 EXAMPLE: New classification of Weigela Purpurea Group Dwarf Group Variegata Group Aurea Group White-flowered Group Red-flowered Group Pink-flowered Group Bicolor Group

26 Industry Optimal selling and good communication to customers is most important Stability of plant names is important (changes of names cause a lot of anger) New classification systems take a long time to get adopted (the industry is quit conservative) Scientific correctness is less important

27 Industry (2) Different demands by different companies and countries New trend: more and more companies use their own (trademarked) classification groups Rosa Flower Carpet series/group Syringa Bloomerang series/group Garvinea series/group for garden Gerbera s Etc.

28 EXAMPLE: New groups/series as selling tools GARVINEA Gerbera s SURFINIA Petunia s

29 EXAMPLE: Trademarked groups of Heuchera

30 EXAMPLE: Heuchera classification by Bund Deutsche Staudengärtner They use a forced classification for all cultivars Hybrid cultivars are classified in the best suited species of hybrid species Motivation: this gives at least some information about the cultivar Growers like the well-known traditional species names

31 Consumers The want good plant-quality and reliable plant information/instruction. In principle the variety must be true to name (although the choice of many consumers is visual based) Usually classification is not important Only when the classification units are userrelevant (Climber rose, Miniature rose, etc.)

32 Concluding remarks and future

33 Concluding remarks For many ornamental crops improved classification systems are needed (Cultivar) groups are a flexible and suitable classification units for our (far) domesticated ornamental crops New classification systems should be provided by taxonomist / specialists / ICRA s in cooperation with the industry

34 Concluding remarks (2) The (international) industry is much divided in what they want Use of group names as recognizable names of (hybrid)species could be a solution for the time being: Heuchera Red Spangles (Brizoides Group) Geranium Carol (Cinereum Group) Use of new trademarked series/group names is contrary to free use of (cultivar) group names

35 Future In the near future groups will be needed beyond the rank of genus More and more cultivars are of intergeneric crosses (E.g. in Orchids) Family (e.g. Orchidaceae) Group (e.g. Fancy Orchid Group) Cultivar (e.g. Fancy Orchid Tanzanite )

36 EXAMPLE: Intergeneric hybrids in orchids Vascostylis 'Tanzanite' is a combination of three orchid genera: Ascocentrum x Rhynchostylis x Vanda

37 Quality in Horticulture

The Language of Horticulture

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