APG for Dummies. BGEN Annual Conference Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh November 2010

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1 APG for Dummies BGEN Annual Conference Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh November 2010

2 A FEW DEFINITIONS: Angiosperms = the flowering plants Phylogenetics = the study of evolutionary relationships within and between groups of organisms Taxonomy = the science of describing, naming & classifying living organisms Systematics = the study of the diversity of life and the various methods of taxonomy Binomial nomenclature = formal scientific Latin names in two parts; Genus & species (or specific epithet)

3 Fact No.1: Taxonomy is the oldest profession in the World

4 GENESIS chapter 2: 19 And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. 20 And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. 21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and He took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 22 And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made He a woman, and brought her unto the man.

5 Fact No.2: Biology is a process Biology is not a static and un-altering product. This means that plants cannot always be clearly & easily forced into neat boxes.

6 Fact No.3: Taxonomy is not finished We do not have all the answers and we do not have a perfect classification

7 The purposes & processes of NAMING & CLASSIFYING plants are not always the same

8 The purpose of NAMING plants is for communication & gaining access to knowledge

9 NAMES of plants can be vernacular or scientific The advantage of vernacular names is that they are in the local language & so easier to remember. Also they can often be descriptive. The advantage of scientific names is that they are universal & unique

10 The purpose of CLASSIFYING plants is to create groups in order to organise information & knowledge. Without classification there would be chaos. GROUPS & CLASSIFICATIONS of plants can be vernacular or scientific

11 The advantage of vernacular groups is that they are for a specific, local, practical purposes The advantage of scientific groups is that if they are based on basic evolutionary relationships they are also hierarchical predictive universal and each plant has one exclusive place

12 The advantage of using scientific names AND groups is that they can be combined and related to each other. There are rules for the scientific naming of plants the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature and there are now some rules for scientific classification.

13 The accepted system of naming & classifying plants uses Latin names for each rank in a hierarchy. Latin is used because no one can claim that one nationality of botanists has an unfair advantage. Mahonia fortunei

14 In the hierarchy, each rank is just a group of the rank below. The accepted hierarchy is KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

15 Fact No.4: Ranks are non-equivalent and not comparable in any evolutionary sense If a species has no close relatives you can have not only a monospecific genus, but also a monospecific family, a monospecific order and a monospecific class which is meaningless

16 e.g. Ginkgo biloba is the only species in the Ginkgoaceae, the Ginkgoales, and the Ginkgophyta

17 Ranks are non-equivalent and not comparable in any evolutionary sense hence the idea of the Phylocode

18 In the hierarchy, each rank is just a group of the rank below. The accepted hierarchy is KINGDOM - King PHYLUM - Phillip CLASS - came ORDER - over FAMILY - for GENUS - great SPECIES - sausages

19 So the full identification of the coconut is KINGDOM Plantae (land plant) PHYLUM Magnoliophyta (flowering plant) CLASS Liliopsida (monocots) ORDER Arecales FAMILY Arecaceae GENUS Cocos SPECIES Cocos nucifer

20 But once we know it is a flowering plant we generally only use FAMILY GENUS SPECIES though increasingly we use ORDER

21 The palm family, the Arecaceae, contains 3,000 species that share the following characters (amongst others) very many, small flowers very big leaves that clasp the stem provides some very important crops

22 Within the flowering plants there are 41 ORDERS 462 FAMILIES 13,479 GENERA 350,000 SPECIES 350,000 individuals is too many to remember but if you identify a plant to family, & then genus, the number of options falls

23 So when identifying the white water-lily we start with 350,000 species but when we have put it in a family the number of possible species falls to just 60. Then there are just 6 possible genera to choose from.

24 When we have put decided that this is in the genus Nymphaea there are just 35 possible species.

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