Genetics: the Complex and Hidden, Missing Dimension in Successful Fisheries Management

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Barnaby Douglas
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1 Photo Credit: David Hay or Genetics: the Complex and Hidden, Missing Dimension in Successful Fisheries Management Photo Credit: David Hay Eric Verspoor Rivers and Lochs Institute Photo Credit: David Hay

2 Genetics = / molecular markers

Genetics A term coined in 1906 by William Bateson to describe the study of inheritance and the science of heritable variation among individuals which emerged out of the work of Darwin and Mendel when

3 Genetics A term coined in 1906 by William Bateson to describe the study of inheritance and the science of heritable variation among individuals which emerged out of the work of Darwin and Mendel when the latters work was brought to light at the start of the last century the biological processes and molecular machinery underlying reproduction, the inheritance of traits across generations of individuals, and trait expression, including the spatial, temporal and evolutionary dynamics of their diversity among individuals With the discovery of the underlying molecular foundation of inheritance in 1953, by James Watson and Francis Crick, it can now be described as the biological processes controlled by DNA and DNA variation, or the study there of In the final analysis, biodiversity (the ultimate subject of conservation interest) is genetic diversity. John Avise

.. the fish of all these rivers come up the estuary for twenty miles promiscuously together, each river has its own peculiar race of fish, and each race finds its own river

4 An interest of long standing in fisheries context.. Andrew Young (1854) wrote in the nineteenth century, based on his early tagging work on the rivers of the Kyle of Sutherland in Scotland, that... the fish of all these rivers come up the estuary for twenty miles promiscuously together, each river has its own peculiar race of fish, and each race finds its own river with most perfect decision. This work was in part to respond to the statement that... those who deal in stake-nets and illegal fixtures endeavour to assert that salmon spawn in the sea, and that they only catch the fish that are bred on their own coast, and not the fish that are bred in rivers. River Tay 1800s River Ness 1800s

5 individuals Breeding populations Importance of genetics = genome x environment interaction

they are the fundamental units underpinning fisheries recruitment

6 For sexual species, breeding populations, genetically defined entities, are the fundamental units of life; as regards fisheries, they are the fundamental units underpinning fisheries recruitment and must be the focus in any successful fisheries management strategy.

7 Includes both ecological and direct genetic interactions with other breeding populations Environment Genetics Demographics For each breeding population

8 In respect of fisheries management.. Key genetic issues - the spatial and temporal boundaries of breeding populations - the nature and extent of gene flow between breeding populations - the degree of non- adaptive evolutionary divergence from other populations - the nature and extent of adaptive divergence among populations - the maladaptation of populations when their genetics or environments are perturbed The key source of genetic insight - the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of heritable molecular variants, whose character is not subject to environmental, and its association with environmental variation - the analysis of the effects on the distribution of variation of environmental perturbations

9 Molecular markers (in practise they have limitations that need to be recognised) Atlantic Salmon Genome ~ 7 billion base pairs: 2 x as big as the human genome; chromosomes compared to 46 in humans. Complexity of genome and practical issues associated with its analysis represent a major challenge to actually understanding its nature and the true nature and extent of differentiation within and among individuals, within and among populations. +

Biodiversity/genetic variation the Linnaean perspective Once a Latin

which it refers almost automatically assumes an aura of reality that may

Chapman & Hall 1996 is perceived as monotypic, and by default invariant,

10 Biodiversity/genetic variation the Linnaean perspective Once a Latin binomial or trinomial is in the literature the group of organisms to which it refers almost automatically assumes an aura of reality that may or may not be commensurate with the taxon s true evolutionary distinctiveness. J.C. Avise in Conservation Genetics: case histories from nature. Chapman & Hall 1996 is perceived as monotypic, and by default invariant, a perception which when investigated has invariably proven to be incorrect. Species are scientific hypotheses whose biological validity cannot be assumed.

Genetic population structuring Distinct evolutionary units in

phylogenetic terms with some gene flow Distinct Populations within an

historical and contemporary gene flow and extent and nature of

11 Genetic population structuring Distinct evolutionary units in phylogenetic terms with no gene flow Distinct evolutionary units in phylogenetic terms with some gene flow Distinct Populations within an evolutionary unit Distinct Breeding Populations Based on level of historical and contemporary gene flow and extent and nature of resulting genetic divergence Single population/evolutionary unit/ phylogenetic lineage

12 Examples of genetic structuring within designated Linnaean species showing widespread nature of evolutionary and adaptive differentiation

13 Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus Loch Rannoch, Scotland.many more examples across Europe

non-anadromous MDH-3,4* anadromous 10 km AAT-4*

15 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Little Gull Lake 8 cm Lacustrine Anadromous and Non-anadromous Salmon non-anadromous MDH-3,4* anadromous 10 km AAT-4* 100/ / /120 75/75 Newfoundland 75/ /100

16 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar North American crossed to European Breakdown of co-adapted gene complexes due to genomic incompatibilities when mixing intraspecific populations with highly divergent genomes

2002 High altitude Natal tributary 2SW 1SW Common

17 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Adult Run Timing - River Tay Stewart et al High altitude Natal tributary 2SW 1SW Common nonnatal tributary 2SW Low altitude 1SW Smolt Run Timing - River Tay Stewart et al. 2006

18 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Gyrodactylus salaris I n t en sit y of G. salar is in f ect ion Comparision ofbaltic & Norwegian stoc k s Maximum Intensity of Infestation L o rn e Stock N e v a Days Post Exposure (B a k k e e ta l ) Modern Distribution of Wild Atlantic Salmon

stocks Egg Mortality (Donaghy and Verspoor 1997) Egg survival to

19 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Kyle of Sutherland river system resistance to acid water Synchronously spawned eggs from two stocks Egg Mortality (Donaghy and Verspoor 1997) Egg survival to hatching monitored Shin 0 Loth Shin Oykel Hatchery Oykel

20 White Perch Perca fluvitalis

21 Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

22 .etc

23 Given Fish = genome x environment interaction there will be a genetic dimension to every fisheries management issue

24 So, where are we in respect of having the genetic understanding required to address the key genetic issues in fisheries management? Thank you.

English: Václav Hollar (IPA: [ˈva:tslaf ˈɦolar]), known in England as Wenceslaus Hollar or sometimes Wenzel (July 13, 1607 - March 25, 1677), was a Bohemian etcher.

25 English: Václav Hollar (IPA: [ˈva:tslaf ˈɦolar]), known in England as Wenceslaus Hollar or sometimes Wenzel (July 13, March 25, 1677), was a Bohemian etcher. He was born in Prague, and died in London, being buried at St Margaret's church, Westminster. Unknown date (author lived ) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Information from its description page there is shown below. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. You can help.

ZEBRAFISH CROSSWORD PUZZLE (LEVEL 1)

ZEBRAFISH CROSSWORD PUZZLE (LEVEL 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 The defining feature of vertebrates 4 An individual with two identical copies of the 6 A young organism that is physically very 9 How we test our