Nervous System: Nervous Tissue (Chapter 12) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus
|
|
- Deirdre Benson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Nervous System: Nervous Tissue (Chapter 12) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Eastern Campus Primary Sources for figures and content: Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 1 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
2 Neural Tissue -3% of body mass -cellular, ~20% extracellular space -two categories of cells: 1. Neurons: conduct nervous impulses 2. Neuroglia / glial cells: nerve glue, supporting cells Organization of Nervous System Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 2 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
3 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) -spinal cord, brain -function: integrate, process, coordinate sensory input and motor output 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) -all neural tissue outside CNS -function: carry info to/from CNS via nerves Nerve = bundle of axons (nerve fibers) with blood vessels and CT -cranial nerves brain -spinal nerves spinal cord Divisions of PNS: 1. Sensory/Afferent Division -sensory receptors CNS A. Somatic afferent division -from skin, skeletal muscles, joints B. Visceral afferent division -from internal organs Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 3 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
4 2. Motor/Efferent Division -CNS effectors A. Somatic Nervous System - voluntary nervous system -to skeletal muscles B. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - involuntary nervous system -to smooth & cardiac muscle, glands 1. Sympathetic Division - fight or flight 2. Parasympathetic Division - rest and digest (tend to be antagonistic to each other) Histology of Nervous System Neuron -function:conduct nervous impulses (message) -characteristics: 1. Extreme longevity 2. Amitotic (exceptions: hippocampus, olfactory receptors) 3. High metabolic rate: need O 2 and glucose Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 4 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
5 Structure: -large soma / perikaryon -large nucleus, large nucleolus (rrna) -many mitochondria, ribosomes, RER, Golgi: ( ATP, protein synthesis to produce neurotransmitters) -Nissl bodies: visible RER & ribosomes, gray -neurofilaments = neurofibrils, neurotubules (internal structure) -no centrioles -2 types of processes: (cell extensions) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 5 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
6 1. Dendrites: -receive info -carry a graded potential toward soma -contain same organelles as soma -short, branched -end in dendritic spines 2. Axon: -single, long -carry an action potential away from soma -release neurotransmitters at end to signal next cell -long ones = nerve fibers Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 6 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
7 -contains: -neurofibrils & neurotubules (abundant) -vesicles of neurotransmitter -lysosomes, mitochondria, enzymes -no Nissl bodies, no Golgi (no protein synthesis in axon) -connects to soma at axon hillock -covered in axolemma (membrane) -may branch: axon collaterals -end in synaptic terminals or knobs -may have myelin sheath: protein+lipid -protection -insulation -increase speed of impulse CNS: myelin from oligodendrocytes PNS: myelin from Schwann cells/ neurilemma cells Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 7 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
8 Axoplasmic transport -move materials between soma and terminal -along neurotubules on kinesins -Anterograde transport = soma terminal (neurotransmitters from soma) -Retrograde transport = terminal soma (recycle breakdown products from used neurotransmitters) Some viruses use retrograde transport to gain access to CNS (Polio, Herpes, Rabies) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 8 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
9 Synapse -site where neuron communicates with another cell: neuron or effector -presynaptic cell sends message along axon to axon terminal -postsynaptic cell receives message as neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter = chemical, transmits signal from pre- to post- synaptic cell across synaptic cleft Synaptic knob = small, round, when postsynaptic cell is neuron, synapse on dendrite or soma Synaptic terminal = complex structure, at neuromuscular or neuroglandular junction Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 9 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
10 Structural classification of neurons: 1. Anaxonic neurons: -dendrites and axon look same -brain and special sense organs 2. Bipolar neurons: -1 dendrite, 1 axon -soma in middle -rare: special sense organs, relay from receptor to neuron 3. Unipolar neurons: -1 long axon, dendrites at one end, soma off side (T shape) -most sensory neurons 4. Multipolar neurons: -2 or more dendrites -1 long axon -99% all neurons -most CNS Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 10 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
11 Functional Classification of Neurons: 1. Sensory/Afferent neurons -transmit info from sensory receptors to CNS -most unipolar -soma in peripheral sensory ganglia Ganglia = collection of cell bodies in PNS A. Somatic sensory neurons -receptors monitor outside conditions B. Visceral sensory neurons -receptors monitor internal conditions 2. Motor/Efferent neurons -transmit commands from CNS to effectors -most multipolar A. Somatic motor neurons -innervate skeletal muscle -conscious control or reflexes B. Visceral/Autonomic motor neurons -innervate effectors on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 11 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
12 3. Interneurons / Association neurons -distribute sensory info and coordinate motor activity -between sensory and motor neurons -in brain, spinal cord, autonomic ganglia -most are multipolar Neuroglia =supporting cells Neuroglia in CNS -outnumber neurons 10:1 -half mass of brain Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 12 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
13 1. Ependymal cells -line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain -secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -have cilia to circulate CSF -CSF: cushion brain, nutrient & gas exchange 2. Astrocytes -most abundant CNS neuroglia -varying functions: a. blood brain barrier: processes wrap capillaries, control chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid of brain b. framework of CNS c. repair damaged neural tissue d. guide neuron development in embryo e. control interstitial environment: regulate conc. ions, gasses, nutrients, neurotransmitters Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 13 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
14 3. Oligodendrocytes -wide flat processes wrap local axons = myelin sheath -1 cell contributes myelin to many neighboring axons -lipid in membrane insulates axon for faster action potential conductance -gaps on axon between processes/myelin = Nodes (of Ranvier), necessary to conduct impulse -white, myelinated axons = white matter 4. Microglia -phagocytic -wander CNS -engulf debris, pathogens -important CNS defense (no immune cells or antibodies) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 14 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
15 Cells in the CNS Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 15 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
16 Neuroglia in PNS 1. Satellite cells -surround somas in ganglia -isolate PNS cells -regulate interstitial environment of ganglia 2. Schwann cells / Neurilemma cells -myelinate axons in PNS -whole cells wraps axon, many layers, organelles compressed in superficial layer (neurilemma) -Nodes (of Ranvier) between cells Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 16 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
17 -vital to repair of peripheral never fibers after injury: guide growth to original synapse Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 17 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
18 Neurophysiology Neurons: conduct electrical impulse -requires transmembrane potential = electrical difference across cell membrane -cells: positive charge outside (pump cations out) and negative charge inside (proteins) Voltage = measure of potential energy generated by separation of opposite charges Current = flow of electrical charges (ions) Cell can produce current (nervous impulse) when ions move to eliminate the potential difference (volts) across the membrane Resistance = restricts ion movement (current) (high resistance = low current); membrane has resistance, restricts ion flow/current Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 18 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
19 Ohm s Law: current = voltage resistance Current highest when voltage high and resistance low Cell voltage set at -70mV but membrane resistance can be altered to create current Membrane resistance depends on permeability to ions: open or close ion channels Cell must always have some resistance or ions would equalize, voltage = zero, no current generated = no nervous impulse Membrane ion channels: -allow ion movement (alter resistance) -each channel specific to one ion type 1. Passive channels (leak channels) -always open, free flow -sets resting membrane potential at -70mV Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 19 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
20 2. Active channels -open/close in response to signal A. Chemically regulated/ Ligand-gated -open in response to chemical binding -located on any cell membrane (dendrites, soma) B. Voltage regulated channels -open/close in response to shift in transmembrane potential -excitable membrane only: conduct action potentials (axolemma, sarcolemma) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 20 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
21 C. Mechanically regulated channels -open in response to membrane distortion -on dendrites of sensory neurons for touch, pressure, vibration When channel opens, ions flow along electrochemical gradient: -diffusion (high conc. to low) -electrical attraction/repulsion Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 21 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
22 Sodium-Potassium Pump: -uses ATP to move 3 Na + out 2 K + in (70% of neuron ATP for this) -runs anytime cell not conducting impulse -creates high [K + ] inside and high [Na + ]outside When Na + channel opens: - Na + flows into cell: 1. Favored by diffusion gradient 2. Favored by electrical gradient open channel = resistance = ion flow/current When K + channel opens: - K + flows out of cell: 1. Favored by diffusion gradient only 2. Electrical gradient repels K + exit - Thus less current than Na + Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 22 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
23 Channels open = resistance low = ions move until equilibrium potential: depends on -diffusion gradient -electrical gradient Equilibrium Potential For K + = -90mV For Na + = +66mV Open channel current graded potential Graded potential = localized shift in transmembrane potential due to movement of charges in to /out of cell Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 23 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
24 Na + channel opens = Na + flows in, depolarization (cell less negative) K + channel opens = K + flows out, hyperpolarization (cell more negative) Graded potentials: -occur on any membrane: dendrites and somas -can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing -amount of depolarization or hyperpolarization depends on intensity of stimulus: channels open = voltage change -passive spread from site of stimulation over short distance -effect on membrane potential decreases with distance from stimulation site -repolarization occurs as soon as stimulus is removed: leak channels & Na + /K + pump reset resting potential Graded potential = localized change in transmembrane potential, not nervous impulse (message) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 24 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
25 If big enough depolarization = action potential = nervous impulse = transmission to next cell Action potentials: -occur on excitable membranes only (axolemma, sarcolemma) -always depolarizing -must depolarize to threshold (-55mV) before action potential begins (voltage gated channels on excitable membrane open at threshold to propagate action potential) - all-or-none : all stimuli that exceed threshold will produce identical action potentials -action potential at one site depolarizes adjacent sites to threshold -propagated across entire membrane surface without decrease in strength Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 25 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
26 The Generation of an Action Potential -55 mv (Handout) 1. Depolarization to threshold: - a graded potential depolarizes local membrane and flows toward the axon - if threshold is met (-55mV) at the hillock, an action potential will be triggered 2. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization: - at threshold (-55mV), voltage-regulated sodium channels on the excitable axolemma membrane open - Na + flows into the cell depolarizing it - the transmembrane potential rapidly changes from -55mV to +30mV 3. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels: - at +30mV Na + channels close and K + channels open - K + flows out of the cell repolarizing it 4. Return to normal permeability: - at -70mV K + channels begin to close - the cell hyperpolarizes to -90mV until all channels finish closing - leak channels restore the resting membrane potential to -70mV Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 26 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
27 Restimulation only when Na + channels closed: influx of Na + necessary for action potential Absolute Refractory Period = -55mV (threshold) to +30mV, Na + channels open, membrane cannot respond to additional stimulus Relative Refractory Period = +30mV to -70mV (return to resting potential), Na + channels closed, membrane capable of second action potential but requires larger/longer stimulus (threshold elevated) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 27 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
28 Cell has ions for thousands of action potentials Eventually must run Sodium-Potassium pump (burn ATP) to reset high [K + ] inside and high [Na + ] outside (Death = no ATP, but stored ions can generate action potentials for awhile) Propagation of Action Potentials -once generated must be transmitted length of axon: hillock to terminal -speed depends on: 1. Degree of myelination (yes or no) 2. Axon diameter 1. Myelination A. Continuous Propagation: -unmyelinated axons -whole membrane depolarizes and repolarizes sequentially hillock to terminal -only forward movement; membrane behind always in absolute refractory period Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 28 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
29 Continuous Propagation B. Saltatory propagation -myelinated axons -depolarization only on exposed membrane at nodes -myelin insulates covered membrane from ion flow -action potential jumps from node to node: faster and requires less energy to reset Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 29 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
30 Saltatory Propagation Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 30 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
31 2. Axon diameter -larger axon less resistance easier ion flow faster action potential A. Type A Fibers/Axon µm diameter - myelinated (saltatory propagation) - action potentials 140m/sec - carry somatic motor and somatic sensory info B. Type B Fibers/Axon - 2-4µm diameter - myelinated (saltatory propagation) - action potentials 18m/sec - carry autonomic motor and visceral sensory info C. Type C Fibers/Axon - < 2µm diameter - unmyelinated (continuous propagation) - action potentials 1m/sec - carry autonomic motor and visceral sensory info Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 31 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
32 Myelination: -requires space, metabolically expensive -only important fibers large and myelinated -occurs in early childhood -results in improved coordination Multiple Sclerosis = genetic disorder, myelin on neurons in PNS destroyed numbness, paralysis Synapse = junction between transmitting neuron (presynaptic cell) and receiving cell (postsynaptic cell), where nerve impulse moves from one cell to next Two types: 1. Electrical Synapse -direct contact via gap junctions -ions flow directly from pre to post cell -less common synapse -in brain (conscious perception) 2. Chemical synapse -most common Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 32 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
33 -pre and post cells separated by synaptic cleft -presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter to trigger effect on post synaptic cell -dynamic: facilitate or inhibit transmission, depends on neurotransmitter: 1. Excitatory Neurotransmitters = -depolarization -propagate action potential 2. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters = -hyperpolarization -suppress action potential Propagation across chemical synapse always slow but allows variability Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 33 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
34 Events at a Synapse: e.g.cholinergic Synapse (Acetylcholine as neurotransmitter) (Handout) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 34 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
35 Neurotransmitter Mechanism of Action 1. Direct effect on membrane potential (Handout) 2. Indirect effect on membrane potential (Handout) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 35 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
36 Post synaptic potential = graded potential caused by a neurotransmitter due to opening or closing of ion channels on post synaptic cell membrane Two types: 1. Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) -causes depolarization 2. Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP) -causes hyperpolarization -inhibits postsynaptic cell (need larger stimulus to reach threshold) Multiple EPSPs needed to trigger action potential in post cell axon EPSP summation: 1. Temporal summation -single synapse fires repeatedly: string of EPSPs in one spot -each EPSP depolarizes more until threshold reached at hillock Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 36 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
37 2. Spatial summation -multiple synapses fire simultaneously -collective depolarization reaches threshold Facilitated = depolarized; brought closer to threshold by some sort of stimulus, less stimulus now required to reach threshold (e.g. caffeine) Post Synaptic Potentiation: -repeat stimulation of same synapse conditions synapse, pre cell more easily stimulates post cell to threshold (repetition) Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 37 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
38 Most nervous system activity results from interplay of EPSPs and IPSPs to promote differing degrees of facilitation or inhibition to allow constant fine tuning of response Neuromodulators = chemicals that influence synthesis, release, or degradation of neurotransmitters thus altering normal response of the synapse Common Neurotransmitters: 1. Acetycholine- cholinergic synapses -excitatory -direct effect -skeletal neuromuscular junctions, many CNS synapses, all neuron to neuron PNS, all parasympathetic ANS 2. Norepinephrine- adrenergic synapses -excitatory -second messengers -many brain synapses, all sympathetic ANS effector junctions Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 38 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
39 3. Dopamine -excitatory or inhibitory -second messengers -many brain synapses, many functions -responsible for reward feeling -cocaine: inhibits removal = high -Parkinson s disease: damage neurons = ticks, jitters 4. Serotonin -inhibitory -direct or second messenger -brain stem for emotion -anti-depression/ anti-anxiety drugs block uptake 5. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) -inhibitory -direct effect -brain: anxiety control, motor coordination -alcohol: augments effects = loss of coordination Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 39 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
40 Factors that disrupt neural function: 1. ph: normal = ph 7.8 spontaneous action potentials = ph 7.0 no action potentials = unresponsive 2. Ion concentrations high extracellular [K + ] depolarize membranes = death, cardiac arrest 3. Temperature: normal = 37 C -higher: neurons more excitable (fever = hallucinations) -lower: neurons non-responsive (hypothermia = lethargy, confusion) 4. Nutrients -neurons: no reserves, use a lot of ATP -require constant and abundant glucose -glucose only 5. Oxygen -aerobic respiration only for ATP -no ATP = neuron damage/death Amy Warenda Czura. Ph.D. 40 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 12 Lecture Slides
Neural Tissue. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres. Lone Star College North Harris Pearson Education, Inc.
12 Neural Tissue PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College North Harris An Introduction to the Nervous System The Nervous System Includes all neural tissue in the body
More informationDendrites - receives information from other neuron cells - input receivers.
The Nerve Tissue Neuron - the nerve cell Dendrites - receives information from other neuron cells - input receivers. Cell body - includes usual parts of the organelles of a cell (nucleus, mitochondria)
More informationNeurons and Nervous Systems
34 Neurons and Nervous Systems Concept 34.1 Nervous Systems Consist of Neurons and Glia Nervous systems have two categories of cells: Neurons, or nerve cells, are excitable they generate and transmit electrical
More informationOverview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) innervate Divisions: a. Afferent
Overview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord receives and processes information. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerve cells that link CNS with organs throughout the body.
More informationBIO 210: Anatomy and Physiology Text: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 9ed. Chapter 12 NEURAL TISSUE
NAME COURSE BIO 210: Anatomy and Physiology Text: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 9ed. Chapter 12 NEURAL TISSUE Like a telephone switchboard, the nervous system directs a countless number of incoming
More informationNervous System Organization
The Nervous System Nervous System Organization Receptors respond to stimuli Sensory receptors detect the stimulus Motor effectors respond to stimulus Nervous system divisions Central nervous system Command
More informationChapter 9. Nerve Signals and Homeostasis
Chapter 9 Nerve Signals and Homeostasis A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system. Neural signaling communication by neurons is the process by which an animal
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems
Nervous Tissue Neurons Neural communication Nervous Systems What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli Sense & transmit information rapidly, to specific cells and
More informationChapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer Neurons are nerve cells that transfer information within the body Neurons
More informationNervous System Organization
The Nervous System Chapter 44 Nervous System Organization All animals must be able to respond to environmental stimuli -Sensory receptors = Detect stimulus -Motor effectors = Respond to it -The nervous
More informationIntro and Homeostasis
Intro and Homeostasis Physiology - how the body works. Homeostasis - staying the same. Functional Types of Neurons Sensory (afferent - coming in) neurons: Detects the changes in the body. Informations
More informationNervous Tissue. Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation
Nervous Tissue Neurons Electrochemical Gradient Propagation & Transduction Neurotransmitters Temporal & Spatial Summation What is the function of nervous tissue? Maintain homeostasis & respond to stimuli
More informationMEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ACTION POTENTIALS:
University of Jordan Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology & Biochemistry Medical students, 2017/2018 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Review: Membrane physiology
More informationNervous system. 3 Basic functions of the nervous system !!!! !!! 1-Sensory. 2-Integration. 3-Motor
Nervous system 3 Basic functions of the nervous system 1-Sensory 2-Integration 3-Motor I. Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord I. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2) Afferent towards afferent
More informationInformation processing. Divisions of nervous system. Neuron structure and function Synapse. Neurons, synapses, and signaling 11/3/2017
Neurons, synapses, and signaling Chapter 48 Information processing Divisions of nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and a nerve cord Integration center Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerves
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Eighth Edition Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp and Janette Lewis Copyright
More informationBIOLOGY. 1. Overview of Neurons 11/3/2014. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Communication in Neurons
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION 48 Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick 1. Overview of Neurons Communication
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationNervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function
Nervous Systems: Neuron Structure and Function Integration An animal needs to function like a coherent organism, not like a loose collection of cells. Integration = refers to processes such as summation
More informationBIOLOGY 11/10/2016. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling. Concept 48.1: Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Concept 48.1: Neuron organization
More informationControl and Integration. Nervous System Organization: Bilateral Symmetric Animals. Nervous System Organization: Radial Symmetric Animals
Control and Integration Neurophysiology Chapters 10-12 Nervous system composed of nervous tissue cells designed to conduct electrical impulses rapid communication to specific cells or groups of cells Endocrine
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Chapter 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions
More informationNeurons, Synapses, and Signaling
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge, Simon Fraser University SECOND EDITION
More informationNOTES: CH 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
NOTES: CH 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling A nervous system has three overlapping functions: 1) SENSORY INPUT: signals from sensory receptors to integration centers 2) INTEGRATION: information from
More informationNerve Signal Conduction. Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials
Nerve Signal Conduction Resting Potential Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials Resting Potential Resting neurons are always prepared to send a nerve signal. Neuron possesses potential energy
More informationA. Visceral and somatic divisions. B. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. C. Central and peripheral divisions
Ch 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1 Review of the Nervous System Objectives: Describe the Cells of the NS Explain the creation and propagation of an electrical signal in a nerve cell
More informationPurpose: Perception, Movement, Learning, Memory, Thinking, Communication Functions:
Nervous System Purpose: Perception, Movement, Learning, Memory, Thinking, Communication Functions: Sensory Input: Obtaining stimulation from the environment (light, heat, pressure, vibration, chemical,
More information37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 37 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge Overview: Lines of Communication
More informationNeurochemistry 1. Nervous system is made of neurons & glia, as well as other cells. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Nobel Prize 1906
Neurochemistry 1 Nervous system is made of neurons & glia, as well as other cells. Santiago Ramon y Cajal Nobel Prize 1906 How Many Neurons Do We Have? The human brain contains ~86 billion neurons and
More informationNEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34
NEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 34 KEY CONCEPTS 34.1 Nervous Systems Are Composed of Neurons and Glial Cells 34.2 Neurons Generate Electric Signals by Controlling Ion Distributions 34.3
More informationAction Potentials & Nervous System. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Action Potentials & Nervous System Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Review: Membrane potentials exist due to unequal distribution of charge across the membrane Concentration gradients drive ion
More informationCh 33. The nervous system
Ch 33 The nervous system AP bio schedule Tuesday Wed Thursday Friday Plant test Animal behavior lab Nervous system 25 Review Day (bring computer) 27 Review Day (bring computer) 28 Practice AP bio test
More informationCh 7. The Nervous System 7.1 & 7.2
Ch 7 The Nervous System 7.1 & 7.2 SLOs Describe the different types of neurons and supporting cells, and identify their functions. Identify the myelin sheath and describe how it is formed in the CNS and
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES Neuron Communication Neurons are stimulated by receptors on dendrites and cell bodies (soma) Ligand gated ion channels GPCR s Neurons stimulate cells
More informationNeurophysiology. Danil Hammoudi.MD
Neurophysiology Danil Hammoudi.MD ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are an essential feature of animal
More informationNeurons. General neuron anatomy. BIOL 164 Human Biology Ch 7 Neurons. Nervous system:
BIOL 164 Human Biology Ch 7 Neurons Nervous system: Neurons Integrates and coordinates the body s ac3vi3es Provides rapid and brief responses to s3muli Major divisions: Central nervous system (CNS) brain
More informationNeurophysiology. Review from 12b. Topics in neurophysiology 7/08/12. Lecture 11b BIOL241
Neurophysiology Lecture 11b BIOL241 Review from 12b. CNS brain and spinal cord PNS nerves SNS (somatic) ANS (autonomic) Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS Afferent vs efferent (SAME) Cells of the nervous
More informationBIOLOGY. Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 48 Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Lines of Communication The
More informationCh 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1
Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM Ch 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties, Part 1 Objectives: Describe the Cells of the NS Explain the creation and propagation of an electrical signal in a nerve
More informationOrganization of the nervous system. Tortora & Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Page 388, Figure 12.2
Nervous system Organization of the nervous system Tortora & Grabowski Principles of Anatomy & Physiology; Page 388, Figure 12.2 Autonomic and somatic efferent pathways Reflex arc - a neural pathway that
More informationPROPERTY OF ELSEVIER SAMPLE CONTENT - NOT FINAL. The Nervous System and Muscle
The Nervous System and Muscle SECTION 2 2-1 Nernst Potential 2-2 Resting Membrane Potential 2-3 Axonal Action Potential 2-4 Neurons 2-5 Axonal Conduction 2-6 Morphology of Synapses 2-7 Chemical Synaptic
More informationThe Nervous System. What did you learn at school today? Neurophysiology!
The Nervous System What did you learn at school today? Neurophysiology! The Nervous System Controls heart rate, emotions, memories, consciousness, and much more. The most intricate and beautifully complex
More informationNeurons: Cellular and Network Properties HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY POWERPOINT
POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC UNIT 2 8 Neurons: PART A Cellular and
More informationThe Nervous System. Nervous System Organization. Nerve Tissue. Two parts to the nervous system 11/27/2016
The Nervous System Nervous System Organization Animals must be able to respond to environmental stimuli. Three functions of the nervous system: Sensory input conduction of signals from sensory receptors.
More informationtre of Mark Louie D. Lop
NERVE PHYSIOLOGY Mark Louie D. Lopez College of Science Polytechnic University of the Philippines FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory input or detection Integration processing transmission of information
More informationUNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IT 0469 NEURAL NETWORKS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IT 0469 NEURAL NETWORKS Elementary Neuro Physiology Neuron: A neuron nerve cell is an electricallyexcitable cell that processes and transmits information
More informationNOTE: LOOK ON MY WEBSITE FOR THE MUSCLE LABELING POWER POINT/PDF Part I. Identify the parts of the neuron that are labeled below.
Anatomy & Physiology Nervous System Part I 2/26/16 NOTE: LOOK ON MY WEBSITE FOR THE MUSCLE LABELING POWER POINT/PDF Part I. Identify the parts of the neuron that are labeled below. 1. 2. 3. 5. 4. 6. Part
More information2401 : Anatomy/Physiology
Dr. Chris Doumen Week 6 2401 : Anatomy/Physiology Action Potentials NeuroPhysiology TextBook Readings Pages 400 through 408 Make use of the figures in your textbook ; a picture is worth a thousand words!
More informationFundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Chapter 11 Part B Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College 11.4 Membrane
More informationThe Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling The Neuron - F. Fig. 45.3 Today s lecture we ll use clickers Review today 11:30-1:00 in 2242 HJ Patterson Electrical signals Dendrites: graded post-synaptic potentials
More informationPhysiology Unit 2. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES
Physiology Unit 2 MEMBRANE POTENTIALS and SYNAPSES In Physiology Today Ohm s Law I = V/R Ohm s law: the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the
More informationChapter 37 Active Reading Guide Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Section 1 1. What is a neuron? Chapter 37 Active Reading Guide Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 2. Neurons can be placed into three groups, based on their location and function.
More informationNervous System AP Biology
Nervous System 2007-2008 Why do animals need a nervous system? What characteristics do animals need in a nervous system? fast accurate reset quickly Remember Poor think bunny! about the bunny signal direction
More informationCellular Neuroanatomy II The Prototypical Neuron: Neurites. Reading: BCP Chapter 2
Cellular Neuroanatomy II The Prototypical Neuron: Neurites Reading: BCP Chapter 2 Major Internal Features of a Neuron The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. A typical neuron has a soma
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K +, large anions, and proteins?
More informationThe Nervous System. Nerve Impulses. Resting Membrane Potential. Overview. Nerve Impulses. Resting Membrane Potential
The Nervous System Overview Nerve Impulses (completed12/03/04) (completed12/03/04) How do nerve impulses start? (completed 19/03/04) (completed 19/03/04) How Fast are Nerve Impulses? Nerve Impulses Nerve
More informationNeurophysiology. Membrane Potential. body is electrically neutral. = resting membrane potential
Membrane Potential body is electrically neutral Neurophysiology there are small differences in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell membranes à due to differences in + and ions on inside
More information1. True or false: at this moment, some of the muscle fibers in your gluteus maximus (a whole muscle) are contracting. a. True b.
Exam III ANP 213 Spring 2008 You only need to print out the last two pages. Please do not consult classmates once you have begun this exam. Multiple Choice- 1 point each (use a ScanTron) 1. True or false:
More informationلجنة الطب البشري رؤية تنير دروب تميزكم
1) Hyperpolarization phase of the action potential: a. is due to the opening of voltage-gated Cl channels. b. is due to prolonged opening of voltage-gated K + channels. c. is due to closure of the Na +
More informationBIOL Week 5. Nervous System II. The Membrane Potential. Question : Is the Equilibrium Potential a set number or can it change?
Collin County Community College BIOL 2401 Week 5 Nervous System II 1 The Membrane Potential Question : Is the Equilibrium Potential a set number or can it change? Let s look at the Nernst Equation again.
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 9 - TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES.
!! www.clutchprep.com K + K + K + K + CELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CONCEPT: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT Membranes and Gradients Cells must be able to communicate across their membrane barriers to materials
More informationHousekeeping, 26 January 2009
5 th & 6 th Lectures Mon 26 & Wed 28 Jan 2009 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2009 Neurons Chapter 11 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh 1. Finish Solutes + Water 2. Neurons
More informationNeurons. 5 th & 6 th Lectures Mon 26 & Wed 28 Jan Finish Solutes + Water. 2. Neurons. Chapter 11
5 th & 6 th Lectures Mon 26 & Wed 28 Jan 2009 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2009 Neurons Chapter 11 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh 1. Finish Solutes + Water 2. Neurons
More information! Depolarization continued. AP Biology. " The final phase of a local action
! Resting State Resting potential is maintained mainly by non-gated K channels which allow K to diffuse out! Voltage-gated ion K and channels along axon are closed! Depolarization A stimulus causes channels
More informationthebiotutor.com A2 Biology Unit 5 Responses, Nervous System & Muscles
thebiotutor.com A2 Biology Unit 5 Responses, Nervous System & Muscles 1 Response Mechanism tropism Definition A growth movement of part of plant in response to a directional stimulus examples Positive:
More informationNeurophysiology. + = Na + - = Cl - Proteins HOW? HOW?
All animal cells have electric potential differences (voltages) across plasma s only electrically excitable cells can respond with APs Luigi Galvani (1791) Animal electricity Electrical fluid passed through
More informationCells. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Cells Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Microscopy Methods of histology: Treat the tissue with a preservative (e.g. formaldehyde). Dissect the region of interest. Embed
More informationNeurons. The Molecular Basis of their Electrical Excitability
Neurons The Molecular Basis of their Electrical Excitability Viva La Complexity! Consider, The human brain contains >10 11 neurons! Each neuron makes 10 3 (average) synaptic contacts on up to 10 3 other
More informationNervous System: Part II How A Neuron Works
Nervous System: Part II How A Neuron Works Essential Knowledge Statement 3.E.2 Continued Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and
More informationPhysiology 2 nd year. Neuroscience Optional Lecture
Academic year 2018/2019 Physiology 2 nd year Semester 1 Curricula Nervous system physiology Blood physiology Acid-base equilibrium Bibliography: Boron & Boulpaep Medical Physiology, 3 rd edition Physiology
More informationElectrical Signaling. Lecture Outline. Using Ions as Messengers. Potentials in Electrical Signaling
Lecture Outline Electrical Signaling Using ions as messengers Potentials in electrical signaling Action Graded Other electrical signaling Gap junctions The neuron Using Ions as Messengers Important things
More informationWhat are neurons for?
5 th & 6 th Lectures Mon 26 & Wed 28 Jan 2009 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2009 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh 1. Finish Solutes Water 2. Neurons Neurons Chapter 11
More informationUniversality of sensory-response systems
excite.org(anism): Electrical Signaling Universality of sensory-response systems Three step process: sensation-integration-response Bacterial chemotaxis Madigan et al. Fig. 8.24 Rick Stewart (CBMG) Human
More informationNeural Conduction. biologyaspoetry.com
Neural Conduction biologyaspoetry.com Resting Membrane Potential -70mV A cell s membrane potential is the difference in the electrical potential ( charge) between the inside and outside of the cell. The
More informationBiology September 2015 Exam One FORM G KEY
Biology 251 17 September 2015 Exam One FORM G KEY PRINT YOUR NAME AND ID NUMBER in the space that is provided on the answer sheet, and then blacken the letter boxes below the corresponding letters of your
More informationBiology September 2015 Exam One FORM W KEY
Biology 251 17 September 2015 Exam One FORM W KEY PRINT YOUR NAME AND ID NUMBER in the space that is provided on the answer sheet, and then blacken the letter boxes below the corresponding letters of your
More information1. Dendrites contain the nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells.
: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses TRUE/FALSE 1. Dendrites contain the nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Anatomy of Neurons 2. A small
More information12-The Nervous System. Taft College Human Physiology
12-The Nervous System Taft College Human Physiology Introduction To The Nervous System The nervous system is a wired system with discrete pathways (nerves) and local actions. The effects of nervous stimulation
More informationLecture 2. Excitability and ionic transport
Lecture 2 Excitability and ionic transport Selective membrane permeability: The lipid barrier of the cell membrane and cell membrane transport proteins Chemical compositions of extracellular and intracellular
More informationNeurophysiology. I. Background. A. Cell Types 1. Neurons 2. Glia. B. Subtypes 1. Differ based on their structure, chemistry and function
Neurophysiology I. Background A. Cell Types 1. Neurons 2. Glia B. Subtypes 1. Differ based on their structure, chemistry and function C. Relative distribution 1. 100 billion neurons (give or take 100 million)
More informationNerves and their impulses. Biology 12 C-11
Nerves and their impulses Biology 12 C-11 Nerves and their impulses Nerves are designed to transmit electrical impulses from the dendrites, over the cell body and through the axon. The impulse will then
More informationPeripheral Nerve II. Amelyn Ramos Rafael, MD. Anatomical considerations
Peripheral Nerve II Amelyn Ramos Rafael, MD Anatomical considerations 1 Physiologic properties of the nerve Irritability of the nerve A stimulus applied on the nerve causes the production of a nerve impulse,
More informationCIE Biology A-level Topic 15: Control and coordination
CIE Biology A-level Topic 15: Control and coordination Notes Neuron structure The nerve cells called neurones play an important role in coordinating communication within the nervous system. The structure
More information1. Neurons & Action Potentials
Lecture 6, 30 Jan 2008 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437) Univ. of Arizona, spring 2008 Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh 1. Intro Nervous System Fxn (slides 32-60 from Mon 28 Jan; Ch10) 2. Neurons
More informationLecture 04, 04 Sept 2003 Chapters 4 and 5. Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 University of Arizona Fall instr: Kevin Bonine t.a.
Lecture 04, 04 Sept 2003 Chapters 4 and 5 Vertebrate Physiology ECOL 437 University of Arizona Fall 2003 instr: Kevin Bonine t.a.: Bret Pasch Vertebrate Physiology 437 1. Membranes (CH4) 2. Nervous System
More informationChapter 2: Neurons and Glia
Chapter 2: Neurons and Glia The Prototypical Neuron The Soma Cytosol: watery fluid inside the cell Organelles: membrane-enclosed structures within the soma Cytoplasm: contents within a cell membrane, e.g.,
More informationCurtis et al. Il nuovo Invito alla biologia.blu BIOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS KEYS
BIOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS KEYS Watch the videos and download the transcripts of this section at: online.scuola.zanichelli.it/curtisnuovoinvitoblu/clil > THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. WARM UP a) The structures that
More informationNervous & Endocrine System
3/19 HW Day 1 Read pages 897-900 Complete Vocab. on pg 897 Aim: What is Regulation? Do Now: What 2 organ systems are involved in regulation? Nervous & Endocrine System Regulation: The control and coordination
More informationPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 9 MUSCLE TISSUE Fall 2016
PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 9 MUSCLE TISSUE Fall 2016 2 Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Overview of Muscle Tissue types of muscle: are all prefixes for muscle Contractility all muscles cells can Smooth & skeletal
More informationMEMBRANE STRUCTURE. Lecture 9. Biology Department Concordia University. Dr. S. Azam BIOL 266/
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Lecture 9 BIOL 266/4 2014-15 Dr. S. Azam Biology Department Concordia University RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS The Dynamic Nature of the Plasma Membrane SEM of human erythrocytes
More informationNeuron Func?on. Principles of Electricity. Defini?ons 2/6/15
Neuron Func?on 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue: Part B Neurons are highly Respond to adequate s?mulus by genera?ng an ac?on poten?al (nerve impulse) Impulse is always the regardless
More informationIntroduction Principles of Signaling and Organization p. 3 Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits p. 4 Organization of the Retina p.
Introduction Principles of Signaling and Organization p. 3 Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits p. 4 Organization of the Retina p. 5 Signaling in Nerve Cells p. 9 Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons
More informationQUESTION? Communication between neurons depends on the cell membrane. Why is this so?? Consider the structure of the membrane.
QUESTION? Communication between neurons depends on the cell membrane Why is this so?? Consider the structure of the membrane. ECF ICF Possible ANSWERS?? Membrane Ion Channels and Receptors: neuron membranes
More informationUNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
UNIT 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. Functions of Muscular System A. Produces Movement Internal vs. External «locomotion & manipulation «circulate blood & maintain blood pressure «move fluids, food, baby B. Maintaining
More informationTransmission of Nerve Impulses (see Fig , p. 403)
How a nerve impulse works Transmission of Nerve Impulses (see Fig. 12.13, p. 403) 1. At Rest (Polarization) outside of neuron is positively charged compared to inside (sodium ions outside, chloride and
More informationNervous Lecture Test Questions Set 2
Nervous Lecture Test Questions Set 2 1. The role of chloride in a resting membrane potential: a. creates resting potential b. indirectly causes repolarization c. stabilization of sodium d. it has none,
More informationCells of the nervous system
Cells of the nervous system There are approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain There are about 100 times as many glial cells in the human brain Similar origin, different functions Other cells
More informationBIOL Anatomy and Physiology I ( version L )
BIOL 2113 - Anatomy and Physiology I ( version 213L ) Course Title Course Development Learning Support Anatomy and Physiology I Standard No Course Description Introduces the anatomy and physiology of the
More informationAnimal structure and function
Animal structure and function The nervous system Parts of the nervous system 43C, 44B, 45D Brain structure and function Eyes Retina Neurons: How neurons communicate: Resting potential: The resting
More information