Ch 33. The nervous system
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1 Ch 33 The nervous system
2 AP bio schedule Tuesday Wed Thursday Friday Plant test Animal behavior lab Nervous system 25 Review Day (bring computer) 27 Review Day (bring computer) 28 Practice AP bio test -in class 2 Review Day (AP gov?) 4 Monday 8 AP BIO TEST! 9 (AP calc?) catch up day 10 (AP Lit) (AP World) Bring computer Dissection 16 Dissection 18
3 Nervous System Passing of info in 2 ways: Nerves electrical, process and send information fast (eg. stepping on a tack) Hormones chemical, process and send information slowly (eg. growth hormone etc)
4 The Nervous System takes in and reacts to stimuli to maintain homeostasis 2. Major components of nervous system: 2 major divisions I. central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord Controls and processes info Mostly interneurons II. peripheral nervous system: Sensory and motor neurons (legs and arm neurons)
5 3. Neurons: specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Myelin sheath (terminal) Dendrites: pass signals they receive on to the cell body in electrical impulses. Axon: passes those impulses on to the other neurons or muscles.
6 Myelin Sheath: helps conduct nerve impulses - like insolation on a cord, helps speed up how fast a nerve impulse moves Schwann cells: supporting cells of the PNS nodes of Ranvier: spaces b/w Myelin sheath: gaps video
7
8 Nervous System 4. Types of neurons: sensory neurons interneurons motor neurons. send impulses from receptors in the skin and sense organs to the brain and spinal cord. Neurons between motor and sensory neurons. Brain, spinal cord carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles, -result in movement
9
10 Feedback loop: the cycle of taking in and reacting to stimuli to maintain homeostasis (may involved the brain!) What happens when you get too cold? What happens when you get too hot? Your body tries to maintain homeostasis: - regulate a normal internal environment
11 What happens if you touch something really hot? Reflex: nerve impulse that does not go to the brain - spinal cord reacts instinctively reflex arc :a nerve pathway from sensing something to reacting to it (no brain needed)
12 Correct order of reflex arc sensory receptor --> sensory neuron-->spinal cord (CNS) interneuron--> motor neuron --> effector (muscle or gland)
13
14 Feedback loop: like a reflex arc, the cycle of taking in and reacting to stimuli to maintain homeostasis
15
16 Action Potential: aka nerve impulse: signal in your body telling you about a stimuli A stimuli: touch, sound, taste, pain, can start an action potential that eventually causes a reaction
17 Resting Potential- polarized membrane membrane is polarized: Opposite charges on opposite sides of cell membrane: nerve cells have voltage negative (anions Cl - ) inside; positive (cations Na + ) outside Creates charged gradient stored energy (like a battery) channel leaks K + K + Na + + Na + Na + Na + Na + + Na + + K + Na + Na + + Na Na + + Na K + aa - Cl - Cl - Cl - Cl - K + aa - aa - aa - K + K + aa - Cl - aa - Cl - +
18 Measuring cell voltage unstimulated neuron = resting potential of -70mV A neuron that is not transmitting signals Contains many open K + channels and fewer open Na + channels in its plasma membrane The diffusion of K + and Na + through these channels Leads to a separation of charges across the membrane, producing the resting potential v=7eyhsoewnh4
19 Threshold stimulus - in order for a nerve to depolarize it much reach a threshold level of stimulus, the level at which an action potential is generated -start the opening of Na + channels in cell membrane Gated ion channels open or close in response to: membrane stretch or the binding of a specific ligand a change in the membrane potential
20 action potential: brief all-or-none signal that carries info along axons depolarization of a neuron s plasma membrane
21 How does a nerve impulse travel? Stimulus: nerve is stimulates reaches threshold potential open Na + channels in cell membrane The 1st domino goes down! Na + ions diffuse into cell a. Depolarization (upswing) Sodium gates open, charges reverse at that point on neuron positive inside; negative outside Na
22 nerve impulse travels down neuron in waves change in charge opens next Na + gates down the line voltage-gated channels Na + ions continue to diffuse into cell Gate wave moves down neuron = action potential + channel closed + + channel open The rest of the dominoes fall! Na wave
23 b. Repolorization (downswing): 2nd wave travels down neuron Sodium gates close, K + gates open K + channels open up more slowly than Na + channels K + ions diffuse out of cell charges reverse back at that point negative inside; positive outside Set dominoes back up quickly! K Na wave
24 Combined waves travel down neuron wave of opening ion channels moves down neuron signal moves in one direction flow of K + out of cell stops activation of Na + channels in wrong direction Action potential propagates wave = nerve impulse, or action potential brain finger tips in milliseconds! Na wave K +
25 c. Recovery phase After firing a neuron has to re-set itself Na + needs to move back out K + needs to move back in both are moving against concentration gradients need a pump!! Na Na + K + K + Na + Na + K + Na + Na + K + Na + K + K + Na + Na + K + K+ K + K + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na+ Na + Na + K wave K + K + Na +
26 Sodium-Potassium pump active transport protein in membrane requires ATP 3 Na + pumped out 2 K + pumped in re-sets charge across membrane ATP
27 Refractory Period: following action potential during which a second action potential cannot be initiated - Na gates unable to open, action potential can t move backwards Ion channels open & close in response to changes in charge across membrane Na + channels open quickly in response to depolarization & close slowly K + channels open slowly in response to depolarization & K + close slowly Na wave
28 Neuron is ready to fire again Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + K + aa - K + K + K + K + K + aa - aa - aa - K + aa - K + aa - K + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + resting potential
29 Action potential graph 1. Resting potential 2. Stimulus reaches threshold potential 3. Depolarization upswing Na + channels open; K + channels closed 4. Repolarization downswing reset charge gradient Na + channels close; K + channels open 5. Recovery: (Undershoot) sodium potassium pump 6. Refractory: Na channels can t open Membrane potential 40 mv 30 mv 20 mv 10 mv Depolarization Na + flows in 0 mv 10 mv 20 mv 30 mv 40 mv 50 mv 60 mv 70 mv 80 mv Threshold Resting potential Repolarization K + flows out 5 Hyperpolarization (undershoot) 6 Resting student_view0/chapter14/animation the_n v=9eudb4tn3b0
30 Axon coated with Schwann cells u insulates axon u speeds signal signal hops from node to node u 150 m/sec vs. 5 m/sec (330 mph vs. 11 mph)
31 Bozeman video: v=uabdiuttu0m 6:28 to 13:22
32 Synapse: the small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron - they don t touch video An action potential is carried across these gaps by neurotransmitters.
33 Neurotransmitter: chemical that transmits signals between neurons, across the synaptic cleft -the cell transmitting the nerve impulse is called the: presynaptic cell or axon end - the cell receiving the information is called the: postsynaptic cell or dendrite
34 Chemical synapse Ca ++ receptor protein axon terminal action potential synaptic vesicles synapse neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) muscle cell (fiber) We switched from an electrical signal to a chemical signal Transmission of nerve impulse u action potential depolarizes membrane u opens Ca ++ channels u neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with membrane u release neurotransmitter to synapse diffusion u neurotransmitter binds with protein receptor ion-gated channels open u neurotransmitter degraded or reabsorbed
35 Neurotransmitter vesicle neurotransmitter Receptor Axon/terminal end or Presynaptic cell Dendrite or Postsynaptic cell
36 Common Neurotransmitters Dopamine: is responsible for reward-driven learning Too much is released by drugs like cocaine and heroine, estasy Serotonin: contributor to feelings of wellbeing and happiness Is released when you eat Epinephrine: adrenaline -released when you exercise
37 Depression Associated with not enough serotonin, not enough epinephrine, and not enough dopamine - part of why depressed people may eat too much - a better option may be to exercise video
38 Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Includes Includes Somatic Nervous Sys (voluntary) Autonomic Nervous Sys. (involuntary)
39 7. 2 division of peripheral nervous system: 1. Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary Relays info to and from the skin and muscles 2. Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary (reflex) Controls internal organs
40 Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Includes Includes & Somatic Nervous System (voluntary) Autonomic Nervous Sys. (involuntary) Sympathetic N.S. Parasympathetic N.S.
41 There are two branches of the autonomic nervous system. 2. Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary Controls internal organs i. sympathetic nervous system: - controls organs in times of stress ii. parasympathetic nervous system: - active when body is at rest
42 Characteristic Sympathetic Parasympathetic When functioning? Digestive sys emergencies Inhibits/slows down normal/everyday promotes Pupil dilates constricts Heartbeat accelerates Retards/ slows down Breathing rate Increases Retards Neurotransmitter norepinephrine acetylcholine
43
44 To do 1. Feedback loop QOD 2. Answer FRQ 2014 #6 (nervous system)- also in QOD
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