Sea water dielectric constant, temperature and remote sensing of Sea Surface Salinity
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1 Sea water dielectric constant, temperature and remote sensing of Sea Surface Salinity E. P. Dinnat 1,2, D. M. Le Vine 1, J. Boutin 3, X. Yin 3, 1 Cryospheric Sciences Lab., NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A 2 Chapman University, Orange, CA, U.S.A. 3 LOCEAN, Paris, France
2 Motivation SSS retrieved by SMOS and Aquarius differs significantly. SSS: Aquarius SMOS (Jan 2012) Effects of dielectric constant model, ancillary data for SST?
3 Outline Presentation of SMOS and Aquarius Mission parameters Quick overview of calibration and retrieval algorithm Comparison of SSS from SMOS and Aquarius Impact of: sea water dielectric constant model ancillary SST Comparisons with Argo in situ data Summary
4 SMOS and Aquarius/SAC-D Mission Parameters Both measure sea surface salinity (SSS) globally, monthly, precision ~ 0.2 psu. L-band radiometry. Sun synchronous polar orbit (equatorial ascending node = 6 PM for Aquarius, = 6AM for SMOS) Aquarius has 3 beams pointing across track (pushbroom) towards the night side. SMOS is an imager (interferometer): better spatial resolution, multiple incidence angles over a wide range. Aquarius has 3 beams pointing toward the night side of the Earth Aquarius has a better radiometric sensitivity & scatterometer to correct for effects of surface roughness. SMOS images a large area under multiple incidence angle and at high resolution
5 SMOS and Aquarius/SAC-D Algorithm and vicarious calibration
6 SMOS and Aquarius/SAC-D Algorithm and vicarious calibration
7 SMOS and Aquarius/SAC-D Algorithm and vicarious calibration
8 Comparison of SSS from SMOS and Aquarius Data sources and processing Aquarius SSS L2 V3.0 Source: Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center Along track 1.44 sec. Binned monthly at 1 x1 Ascending & descending orbits combined SMOS SSS L3 (LOCEAN processing) Source: Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS (CATDS) eftp.ifremer.fr/salinity/ Monthly maps at 0.25 x0.25 Binned monthly at 1 x1 Ascending & descending orbits combined
9 Comparison of SSS from SMOS and Aquarius Global map of SSS from Aquarius and SMOS (Jan 2012) Aquarius SMOS fresh SSS =land contamination Very similar large-scale structures, but significant regional differences (e.g. freshening around coastlines for SMOS, higher SSS close to ice edge at 60S).
10 Comparison of SSS from SMOS and Aquarius Differences SSS Aquarius SMOS versus latitude Aquarius - SMOS Aquarius SMOS vs Latitude Differences shows large dependence on latitude, cf. around 40N, 50S and 60S.
11 Comparison of SSS from SMOS and Aquarius Differences SSS Aquarius SMOS depends on SST Aquarius - SMOS SST Differences pattern is similar to SST pattern.
12 Comparison of SSS from SMOS and Aquarius Differences SSS Aquarius SMOS versus SST Aquarius - SMOS Aquarius SMOS vs SST Aquarius SSS is 1/ fresher for very cold water (< 3 C), 2/ saltier for most ocean (3 C 24 C) 3/ similar to SMOS for warmer waters (> 22 C)
13 Impact of the dielectric constant model We reprocess Aquarius data using SMOS dielectric constant model (i.e. Klein and Swift 1977) for: Radiometers Calibration SSS Retrieval
14 Impact of the dielectric constant model Aquarius reprocessed with SMOS dielectric constant Aq SMOS - Aq_repr SMOS better worse improved same worse Aquarius match with SMOS is improved between 6 C and 18 degc (~ 0.2 psu)
15 Impact of SST ancillary product Aquarius : NOAA Optimally Interpolated SST (IR satellite) Reynolds SMOS : Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis OSTIA (IR and microwave satellites)
16 Impact of SST ancillary product SST differences OSTIA Reynolds NOAA OI Mean = 0.2C Median = 0.1C
17 Impact of SST ancillary product SST differences OSTIA Reynolds NOAA OI Mean = 0.2C Median = 0.1C
18 Impact of SST ancillary product SST interpolated at Aquarius footprints ΔTbV OSTIA NOAA (K) ΔSST OSTIA Reynolds ( C)
19 Impact of SST ancillary product SST interpolated at Aquarius footprints ΔTbV OSTIA NOAA (K) ΔSST OSTIA Reynolds ( C) ΔTbV OSTIA Reynolds (K) ~ 3years of data 7-day global average
20 Impact of SST ancillary product SST interpolated at Aquarius footprints ΔTbV OSTIA NOAA (K) ΔSST OSTIA Reynolds ( C) ΔTbV OSTIA Reynolds (K) ~ 3years of data 7-day global average ΔSSS OSTIA Reynolds (K) Week 46
21 Comparison to Argo in situ data (*) global network of 3000 free-drifting profiling floats (
22 SSS difference with Argo for all algorithms Aquarius (nominal) - Argo Aquarius Argo SSS (psu)
23 Summary SSS difference between Aquarius and SMOS is in part due to dielectric constant model (~0.2 psu in temperate waters) Large differences remain in very cold waters and around coastlines Differences in ancillary SST: no impact on calibration large (~1 psu) SSS differences in cold waters. Aquarius Argo SSS (psu) ΔSSS OSTIA Reynolds (K)
24 BACKUP
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27 Differences in ancillary SSS used in calibration SMOS: region in Pacific ocean to compute and Ocean Target Transformation (OTT) The OTT consists of removing average difference between measured Tb and forward model OTT uses ancillary SSS
28 11/13/2014 Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Mee5ng, Sea7le, WA, U.S.A.
29 Aquarius - Argo Aquarius - Argo 11/13/2014 SSS error (= difference with Argo) depends on SST An empirical correction to SSS is introduced in V3.0 as a function of SST: ΔSSS = *T *T Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Mee5ng, Sea7le, WA, U.S.A.
30 SSS V3.0 Argo : Nominal and bias adjusted Aquarius - Argo Aquarius bias adjusted- Argo
31 Aquarius - Argo Aquarius bias adjusted- Argo V3.0 bias adjustment reduces error except for very cold waters 11/13/2014 Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Mee5ng, Sea7le, WA, U.S.A.
32 SSS V3.0 Argo : Nominal and reprocessed with Klein and Swift model Aquarius - Argo Aquarius KS - Argo 11/13/2014 Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Mee5ng, Sea7le, WA, U.S.A.
33 SSS V3.0 Argo : Nominal and reprocessed with Klein and Swift model vs SST Aquarius - Argo Aquarius KS - Argo Both model show fresher water than Argo in warm water (precipitations/stratification) KS model shows smallest differences from 6 degc to 22 degc Very cold waters are worsened by the reprocessing 11/13/2014 Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Mee5ng, Sea7le, WA, U.S.A.
34 Cold waters < 6 deg C nominal L2 matches Argo the best 6 < SST < 22 deg C bias adjusted SSS reduces bias in nominal L2, KS provides the best match SST > 25 degc bias adjusted SSS provides the best match, but the lower SSS in other products could be due to precipitations. Should it be adjusted? 11/13/2014 Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Mee5ng, Sea7le, WA, U.S.A.
35 Inter-beam difference vs latitude (top) ascending and (bottom) descending orbits outer - middle outer - inner middle - inner outer - middle outer - inner middle - inner 11/13/2014 Dinnat et al., Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
36 SSS difference between Aquarius reprocessed and SMOS Aquarius (Reprocessed) - SMOS Aquarius (Reprocessed) - SMOS Nominal Aquarius Reprocessed Aquarius (SMOS ε) Reprocessed Aquarius SSS have reduced differences with SMOS SSS for SST between 6 C and 18 C
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