E166: Polarized Positrons & Polarimetry
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1 (DESY) - on behalf of the E166 Collaboration ILC: - why polarized positrons - e+ source options - undulator source scheme E166 - proof-of-principle demonstration of the undulator method - undulator basics - transmission polarimetry -GEANT4 polarization upgrade results & conclusions
2 ILC: why polarized positrons? SLC as precursor of the ILC very successfully employed polarized electrons, but not polarized positrons. What does the ILC gain from polarized positrons? longitudinally polarized beams: can enhance or suppress processes! 2
3 why polarized positrons? effective polarization in s-channel (e+e- γ/z) annihilation: positron polarization can significantly increase precision in measurement of A LR 3
4 why polarized positrons? Supersymmetry: Selectron Pair Production positron polarization is required for separation of RR from LR pairs 4
5 why polarized positrons? can effectively enhance or suppress processes improved signal/background ratio higher effective polarization and precision in A LR asymmetry unique understanding of non-standard couplings explore new physics (e.g. extra dim.) with transverse beam pol. G. Moortgat-Pick et al., Physics Reports 460 (2008) CERN-PH-TH , SLAC-PUB-11087, arxiv: hep-ph/
6 e + source options for the ILC existing/proposed positron sources: ILC 3 Concepts: conventional laser Compton based undulator-based large amount of charge req d! 6
7 undulator source PRO: photoprod. in thin target 0.4 X 0 Ti-alloy lower e+ beam emittance less energy deposition in target (1/5) and AMD (1/10) less neutron induced activation (1/16) no multiplexing & accumulation req d polarized positrons positron beam profile CON: need high-energy electron drive beam (coupled e+/e- operation) long undulator ( m) req d 7
8 undulator source scheme for ILC undulator is chosen baseline scheme for the positron source (although initially at less than full length) expect initial e+ polarization of ~ 30% Compton based e+ source has alternative status 8
9 E166 proof of principle demonstration of the undulator method 9
10 undulator basics E166 ILC (RDR) electron beam energy (GeV) field (T) period (mm) K value photon energy ω max 0 (MeV) beam aperture (mm) active length (m) M (no. of periods)
11 undulator basics E166 Photon Spectrum E166 Photon Polarization first harmonic (dominating) expressions: Spectrum: Angular Distribution: Polarization: ω 0 max = 7.9 MeV E166 Photon Yield: = no. of photons per high-energy beam electron 11
12 The E166 Experiment 2004/2005 setup and checkout Oct weeks of data taking 12
13 E166 experimental setup < 8 MeV 4 8 MeV DM: electron beam dump magnets T1: g e+ prod. target (0.2 X 0 W) T2: e+ g reconv. target (0.5 X 0 W) P1: e+ flux monitor (Silicon) CsI: Cesium Iodide calorimeter SL: solenoid lens J: movable jaws C1 C4: photon collimation A1, A2: aerogel detectors S1, S2: silicon detectors GCAL: Si/W-calorimeter 13
14 E166 photo gallery 14
15 transmission polarimetry 1. Compton Transmission Polarimetry for Low-Energy Photons relies on spin dependence of Compton effect in magnetized iron: 2. Positron Polarimetry: (a) transfer e+ polarization to photon via brems/annihilation process (b) then infer e+ polarization from measured photon pol. as in method 1. 15
16 analyzer magnets: overview electron polarization of the iron: M = (B B 0 )/μ 0 = magnetization n = electron density μ B = Bohr magneton g = magneto-mechanical factor active volume Photon Analyzer: 50 mm dia. x 150 mm long Positron Analyzer: 50 mm dia. x 75 mm long P e 0.07 ΔP e /P e ~
17 analyzer magnets e+ Analyzer γ Analyzer Pickup Coils CsI-Detector e+ Analyzer 17
18 electron polarization of the iron P e ~ 0.07 ΔP e /P e ~ 2% 18
19 Simulations GEANT4 upgrade for spin-dependent e/m processes: gammas: - gamma conversion - Compton scattering - photo-electric effect electrons & positrons: - multiple scattering - ionization - bremsstrahlung polarization tranfer - γ Y e+/e- - e+/e-y γ polarimetry - Compton scattering - Bhabha scattering - Moller scattering - positron annihilation in flight e+/e- spectra at production target e+/e- polarization & analyzing power 19
20 photon asymmetries detector asymmetry δ (%) measured predicted S2 (silicon) 3.88 E 0.12 E A2 (aerogel) 3.31 E 0.06 E GCAL (Si/W-calo) 3.67 E 0.07 E reasonable agreement with simulation results based on theoretical undulator polarization spectrum and detector response functions but no detailed spectral shape analysis possible 20
21 positron measurements exp. asymmetry of ~1% expected in CsI large background from e- beam halo req s equal amount of undulator on and off statistics normalization to P1 detector avoids false asymmetries from flip-correlated beam shifts 21
22 energy deposition in CsI crystals undulator on: signal + background undulator off: background good signal/background separation in central crystal background from e- beam halo hitting the undulator undulator on/off measurements taken on alternating machine pulses for effective background subtraction 22
23 positron asymmetries 23
24 positron asymmetries 24
25 results: beam polarization = analyzing power from simulations = electron polarization of the iron 25
26 conclusions successful demonstration of the undulator method undulator functioned as predicted successful polarimetry of low-energy γ and e+ confirmed expected γ e+ spin-transfer mechanism measured high positron polarization with ~ 85% max. 26
27 published results PRL 100, (2008), G. Alexander et al.: long paper (66 pages) about to be submitted to NIM 27
28 why polarized positrons? Transverse Beam Polarization: Gravity in Extra Dimensions: expect significant asymmetric deviations from SM in the azimuthal distributions T. G. Rizzo, JHEP 0302 (2003) 008 [arxiv:hep-ph/ ]; JHEP 0308 (2003) 051 [arxiv:hep-ph/ ]. 28
29 conventional positron source (as used for SLC at SLAC) thick W-Re target: strong multiple scattering, less efficient e+ capture PRO: established technology (although not at req d level) CON: pushing technical limits of target materials; req s multiple targets and beamlines; very high activation levels no polarization option 29
30 spin and magnetization P e = M s ρ μ e b = M s M M ρ μ e b = 2 g ' 1 g ' M ρ μ e b g = magneto-mechanical factor: obtained from Einstein - de Haas type experiments, related to gyromagnetic ratio: γ = (g /2) (e/m) Note: g = 2 M s / M = 1 (pure spin magnetization) γ = e/m g = 1 M s / M = 0 (pure orbit magnetization) γ = ½ (e/m) the principle and its ultimate implementation (Scott 1962) g = ± for pure iron i.e. orbital effects contribute about 4% 30
31 field distribution modeling (Vector Fields OPERA-2d) end B z (T) R = 0 mm center Z (mm) longitudinal field distribution: B z (R,Z) field drops gradually towards the ends: L eff / L < 1 31
32 field distribution in 2d (Vector Fields OPERA-2d) Z (mm) R (mm) longitudinal field distribution: B z (R,Z) (shown for one quadrant) 32
33 flux measurements: measure voltage transients in pickup coils upon current reversals Positron Analyzer ( amps) voltage transient 33
34 flux and field measurements: results Positron Analyzer Magnet (Center) Flux Phi (Vs) and Field B (T) 3 2 Z = 0 (center) Phi (Vs) B (T) -3 Current I (A) Note: polarimetry was always done at full saturation over the central region (±60A) 34
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