Graduate Accelerator Physics. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 1
|
|
- Claribel Riley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Graduate Accelerator Physics G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 1
2 Course Outline Course Content Introduction to Accelerators and Short Historical Overview Basic Units and Definitions Lorentz Force Linear and Circular Accelerators Particle Motion in EM Fields Linear Beam Dynamics Periodic Systems Magnetic Multipoles Nonlinear Perturbations Coupled Motion
3 Synchrotron Radiation Radiation Power and Distribution Insertion Devices X-ray Sources Free Electron Lasers Technical Components Particle Acceleration Cavities and RF Systems Spin and Spin Manipulation Collective Effects Particle Distributions Vlasov Equation Self-consistent Fields
4 Landau Damping Beam-Beam Effects Relaxation Phenomena Radiation Damping Toushek effect/ibs Beam Cooling
5 Energy Units When a particle is accelerated, i.e., its energy is changed by an electromagnetic field, it must have fallen through an Electric Field (we show later by very general arguments that Magnetic Fields cannot change particle energy). For electrostatic accelerating fields the energy change is E q q q charge, Φ, the electrostatic potentials before and after the motion through the electric field. Therefore, particle energy can be conveniently expressed in units of the equivalent electrostatic potential change needed to accelerate the particle to the given energy. Definition: 1 ev, or 1 electron volt, is the energy acquired by 1 electron falling through a one volt potential difference. a b
6 Energy Units ev = C 1 V = J MeV = 10 ev = J To convert rest mass to ev use Einstein relation electron,0 0 = mc where m is the rest mass. For electrons E E kg 310 m/sec J = MeV Recent best fit value MeV
7 Some Needed Relativity Accelerator Physics is Applied Special Relativity Following Maxwell Equations, which exhibit this symmetry, assume all Laws of Physics must be of form to guarantee the invariance of the space-time interval ct ' x' y' z ' ct x y z Coordinate transformations that leave interval unchanged are the usual rotations and Lorentz Transformations, e.g. the z boost ct ' ct z x' y' x y z ' z ct
8 Relativistic Factors Following Einstein define the relativistic factors v c = v c Easy way to accomplish task of defining a Relativistic Mechanics: write all laws of physics in terms of 4-vectors and 4- tensors, i.e., quantities that transform under Lorentz transformations in the same way as the coordinate differentials.
9 Four-vectors Four-vector transformation under z boost Lorentz Transformation v ' v v v v ' 1 1 ' v v 2 2 v ' v v Important example: Four-velocity. Note that interval d 2 1 dt Lorentz invariant. So the following is a 4-vector cu dct dx dy dz,,, c 1, x, y, z d d d d
10 4-Momentum Single particle mechanics must be defined in terms of Fourmomentum 1,,, /,,, p mcu mc E c p p p x y z x y z Norms, which must be Lorentz invariant, are (g μν =g μν =(1,-1,-1,-1)) u u 1, p p mc What happens to Newton s Law? But need a Four-force on the RHS!!! dp d F ma dp / dt F
11 Electromagnetic Field Described by the Four-vector potential A, ca, ca, ca x y z Field Tensor F A A 0 E E E x y z E 0 cb cb x z y E cb 0 cb y z x E cb cb z y x 0
12 Electromagnetic (Lorentz Force) Non-relativistic F q E v B Relativistic Generalization (ν summation implied) F qf u Electromagnetic Field with lower second index 0 Ex Ey Ez Ex 0 cbz cb y F F g Ey cbz 0 cbx Ez cby cbx 0
13 Relativistic Mechanics in E-M Field Energy Exchange Equation (Note: no magnetic field!) d dt qe v 2 mc Relativistic Lorentz Force Equation (you verify in HW!) d mv dt q E v B
14 Methods of Acceleration Acceleration by Static Electric Fields (DC) Acceleration Cockcroft-Walton van de Graaf Accelerators Limited by voltage breakdowns to potentials of under a million volts in 1930, and presently to potentials of tens of millions of volts (in modern van de Graaf accelerators). Not enough to do nuclear physics at the time. Radio Frequency (RF) Acceleration Main means to accelerate in most present day accelerators because one can get to MV in a meter these days. Reason: alternating fields don t cause breakdown (if you are careful!) until much higher field levels than DC. Ideas started with Ising and Wideröe
15 Cockcroft-Walton Proton Source at Fermilab, Beam Energy 750 kev
16 van de Graaf Accelerator Brookhaven Tandem van de Graaf ~ 15 MV Generator Tandem trick multiplies the output energy
17 Ising s Linac Idea Prinzip einer Methode zur Herstellung von Kanalstrahlen hoher Voltzahl (in German), Arkiv för matematik o. fysik, 18, Nr. 30, 1-4 (1924).
18 Drift Tube Linac Proposal Idea Shown in Wideröe Thesis
19 Wideröe Thesis Experiment Über ein neues Prinzip zur Herstellung hoher Spannungen, Archiv für Elektrotechnik 21, 387 (1928) (On a new principle for the production of higher voltages)
20 Sloan-Lawrence Heavy Ion Linac The Production of Heavy High Speed Ions without the Use of High Voltages David H. Sloan and Ernest O. Lawrence Phys. Rev. 38, 2021 (1931)
21 Alvarez Drift Tube Linac The first large proton drift tube linac built by Luis Alvarez and Panofsky after WW II
22 Earnest Orlando Lawrence
23 Germ of Idea* *Stated in E. O. Lawrence Nobel Lecture
24 Lawrence s Question Can you re-use the same accelerating gap many times? F ma qv B B 2 2 d x qb x 2 v v 0 2 y 2 c x 2 2 d y qb y 2 v v 0 2 x 2 c y v dt m dt d v dt m dt d 2 2 v v qb v v v v x y x y y x 0 dt m v v t v x y t d is a constant of the motion gap
25 Cyclotron Frequency v t v cos t ; v t v sin t x 0 c y 0 c v v x t x sin t ; y t y cos ct c 0 c The radius of the oscillation r = v 0 /Ω c is proportional to the velocity after the gap. Therefore, the particle takes the same amount of time to come around to the gap, independent of the actual particle energy!!!! (only in the non-relativistic approximation). Establish a resonance (equality!) between RF frequency and particle transverse oscillation frequency, also known as the Cyclotron Frequency f f /2 rf c c qb 2 m c
26 What Correspond to Drift Tubes? Dee s!
27 U. S. Patent Diagram
28 Magnet for 27 Inch Cyclotron (LHS)
29 Lawrence and His Boys
30 And Then!
31 Beam Extracted from a Cyclotron Radiation Laboratory 60 Inch Cyclotron, circa 1939
32 88 Inch Cyclotron at Berkeley Lab
33 Relativistic Corrections When include relativistic effects (you ll see in the HW!) the effective mass to compute the oscillation frequency is the relativistic mass γm f c c /2 qb 2 m where γ is Einstein s relativistic γ, most usefully expressed as E E E mc E E E mc 2 tot 0 kin kin m particle rest mass, E kin particle kinetic energy
34 Cyclotrons for Radiation Therapy
35 Bragg Peak
36 gg Lorentz Group: Linear Lie Group The group of Lorentz Transformations is a Linear (Matrix) Lie group. It can therefore be analyzed by standard methods. First find the generators G e I G t t g g G g gg 0 gg gg General anti-symmetrical matrix yields 0 x y z 0 x y z x 0 z y x 0 z y G y z 0 x y z 0 x z y x 0 z y x 0 t
37 Six Fundamental Generators Rotations S 1,2,3 Boosts K 1,2,3 Generators ,, ,,
38 Commutation Relations (S 1,2,3 ) 2 and (K 1,2,3 ) 2 are straightforward to compute (ε S) 3 = ε S and (ε K) 3 = ε K for any unit three-vector ε Commutation Relations are S, S S S, K K K, K S i j ijk k i j ijk k i j ijk k Arbitrary Lorentz transformation connected to the identity is G S K expg du mc qf u u exp qf / mc u 0 d Electric Fields give boosts Magnetic Fields give rotations
Accelerator Physics. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2
Accelerator Physics G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2 Four-vectors Four-vector transformation under z boost Lorentz Transformation v ' v v v v 0 0 3 ' 1 1 ' v v 2 2 v ' v v 3
More informationPhysics 417/517 Introduction to Particle Accelerator Physics. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Jefferson Lab Professor of Physics Old Dominion University
Physics 417/517 Introduction to Particle Accelerator Physics G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Jefferson Lab Professor of Physics Old Dominion University Methods of Acceleration Acceleration by Static Electric
More informationLongitudinal dynamics Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU CERN
Longitudinal dynamics Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU CERN United States Particle Accelerator School, University of California - Santa-Cruz, Santa Rosa, CA 14 th 18 th January 2008 1 Outline Methods of acceleration
More informationDirect-Current Accelerator
Nuclear Science A Teacher s Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 1998 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 11 Accelerators One of the most important tools of nuclear science is the
More informationAccelerators Ideal Case
Accelerators Ideal Case Goal of an accelerator: increase energy of CHARGED par:cles Increase energy ΔE = r 2 F dr = q ( E + v B)d r The par:cle trajectory direc:on dr parallel to v ΔE = increase of energy
More informationLinear and circular accelerators
Linear and circular accelerators Ion Accelerator Physics and Technology Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt Tel. 06159 712408, O.Boine-Frankenheim@gsi.de o
More informationParticle physics experiments
Particle physics experiments Particle physics experiments: collide particles to produce new particles reveal their internal structure and laws of their interactions by observing regularities, measuring
More informationSection 4 : Accelerators
Section 4 : Accelerators In addition to their critical role in the evolution of nuclear science, nuclear particle accelerators have become an essential tool in both industry and medicine. Table 4.1 summarizes
More informationIntroduction and Overview of Accelerators
Introduction and Overview of Accelerators Fanglei Lin Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators, Jefferson Lab 29th Annual Hampton University Graduate Studies Program HUGS 2014, Jefferson Lab, June 2-20,
More informationAccelerators. W. Udo Schröder, 2004
1 Accelerators Overview Electrostatic Accelerators Cascade Van de Graaff V.d.G. Tandem generator Accelerator 2-3 stages steady (DC) beam, high quality focusing, energy, currents; but low energies Accelerators
More informationIntroduction to Elementary Particle Physics I
Physics 56400 Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics I Lecture 9 Fall 2018 Semester Prof. Matthew Jones Particle Accelerators In general, we only need classical electrodynamics to discuss particle
More informationLectures on accelerator physics
Lectures on accelerator physics Lecture 3 and 4: Examples Examples of accelerators 1 Rutherford s Scattering (1909) Particle Beam Target Detector 2 Results 3 Did Rutherford get the Nobel Prize for this?
More informationSummary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success
Summary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success LHC LHC Tevatron Tevatron s=1.8tev Energy 10 times higher cross section than Tevatron and integrated luminosity already ½ at end of 2011! 1 Lectures
More informationPhysics of Accelerators-I. D. P. Mahapatra Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
Physics of Accelerators-I D. P. Mahapatra Utkal University, Bhubaneswar Introduction Brief history of developments in NP, Requirement of accelerators, Lorntz force and acceleration principles, Acceleration
More informationAccelerator Basics. Abhishek Rai IUAC
Accelerator Basics Abhishek Rai IUAC School on Accelerator Science and Technology May 7-18, 2018 Some basics Charge on an electron(e) = 1.6 10-19 Coulomb (1 unit of charge) 1 Atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.66
More informationKoji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai. Second Term, JFY2011. Oct.
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators I : Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai
More informationAccelerator Physics NMI and Synchrotron Radiation. G. A. Krafft Old Dominion University Jefferson Lab Lecture 16
Accelerator Physics NMI and Synchrotron Radiation G. A. Krafft Old Dominion University Jefferson Lab Lecture 16 Graduate Accelerator Physics Fall 17 Oscillation Frequency nq I n i Z c E Re Z 1 mode has
More informationLecture 1 - Overview of Accelerators I ACCELERATOR PHYSICS MT E. J. N. Wilson
Lecture 1 - Overview of Accelerators I ACCELERATOR PHYSICS MT 2011 E. J. N. Wilson Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 13-Oct 2011 - Slide 1 Links Author s e-mail: ted.wilson@cern.ch Engines of Discovery : http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6272.html
More informationHistorical developments. of particle acceleration
Historical developments of particle acceleration Y.Papaphilippou N. Catalan-Lasheras USPAS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 20 th June 1 st July 2005 1 Outline Principles of Linear Acceleration Electrostatic
More informationWhy do we accelerate particles?
Why do we accelerate particles? (1) To take existing objects apart 1803 J. Dalton s indivisible atom atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other element to make compounds, e.g. water is made of
More informationAcceleration to higher energies
Acceleration to higher energies While terminal voltages of 20 MV provide sufficient beam energy for nuclear structure research, most applications nowadays require beam energies > 1 GeV How do we attain
More informationPhysics 663. Particle Physics Phenomenology. April 9, Physics 663, lecture 2 1
Physics 663 Particle Physics Phenomenology April 9, 2002 Physics 663, lecture 2 1 History Two Principles Electrostatic Cockcroft-Walton Accelerators Van de Graaff and tandem Van de Graaff Transformers
More informationFundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators III : High-Energy Beam Dynamics (2) Koji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai. Second Term, JFY2012
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators III : High-Energy Beam Dynamics (2) Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai Second
More informationMechanics Physics 151
Mechanics Physics 151 Lecture 15 Special Relativity (Chapter 7) What We Did Last Time Defined Lorentz transformation Linear transformation of 4-vectors that conserve the length in Minkowski space Derived
More informationWhat did you learn in the last lecture?
What did you learn in the last lecture? What did you learn in the last lecture? Beta stability, the LD Mass Formula, and Accelerators Simplest form of LD Mass Formula TBE = C 1 A C A /3 C 3 Z /A 1/3 C
More informationFundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators I : Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology. Koji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators I : Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai
More informationPhysics 610. Adv Particle Physics. April 7, 2014
Physics 610 Adv Particle Physics April 7, 2014 Accelerators History Two Principles Electrostatic Cockcroft-Walton Van de Graaff and tandem Van de Graaff Transformers Cyclotron Betatron Linear Induction
More informationLinac JUAS lecture summary
Linac JUAS lecture summary Part1: Introduction to Linacs Linac is the acronym for Linear accelerator, a device where charged particles acquire energy moving on a linear path. There are more than 20 000
More informationIntroduction to Accelerators. Scientific Tools for High Energy Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Research
Introduction to Accelerators. Scientific Tools for High Energy Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Research Pedro Castro Introduction to Particle Accelerators DESY, July 2010 What you will see Pedro Castro
More informationAccelerator Physics and Technologies for Linear Colliders University of Chicago, Physics 575
Accelerator Physics and Technologies for Linear Colliders University of Chicago, Physics 575 Lecture 1: S. D. Holmes, An Introduction to Accelerators for High Energy Physics I. Introduction to the Course
More informationAccelerator Physics, BAU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh).
Accelerator Physics 501503746 Course web http://nuclear.bau.edu.jo/accelerators/ edu or http://nuclear.dababneh.com/accelerators/ com/accelerators/ 1 Grading Mid-term Exam 25% Projects 25% Final Exam 50%
More informationIntroduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012
Introduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński (mariusz.sapinski@cern.ch) CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012 Definition (Britannica) Particle accelerator: A device producing
More informationSaptaparnee Chaudhuri. University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Saptaparnee Chaudhuri University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 1 WORKING OF LAWRENCE S CYCLOTRON APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF CYCLOTRON THE SYNCHROCYCLOTRON THE SYNCHROTRON 2 LAWRENCE
More informationParticles and Deep Inelastic Scattering
Particles and Deep Inelastic Scattering Heidi Schellman University HUGS - JLab - June 2010 June 2010 HUGS 1 Course Outline 1. Really basic stuff 2. How we detect particles 3. Basics of 2 2 scattering 4.
More informationPHYS 3446 Lecture #15
PHYS 3446 Lecture #15 Monday, Oct. 30, 2006 Dr. 1. Particle Accelerators Electro-static Accelerators Cyclotron Accelerators Synchrotron Accelerators 2. Elementary Particle Properties Forces and their relative
More informationVarying accelerating fields
Varying accelerating fields Two approaches for accelerating with time-varying fields Linear Accelerators Circular Accelerators Use many accelerating cavities through which the particle beam passes once.
More informationThe Spectrum of Particle Accelerators
The Spectrum of Particle Accelerators JAI Accelerator Physics Course Lecture 1 Dr. Suzie Sheehy University of Oxford and ASTeC/STFC/RAL My contact details: suzie.sheehy@physics.ox.ac.uk Twitter: @suziesheehy
More informationSummer Student Lectures. Oliver Brüning SL/AP. ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1
Accelerators Summer Student Lectures 2002 Oliver Brüning SL/AP ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1 Particle Accelerators Physics of Accelerators: High power RF waves Cryogenics
More informationWelcome back to PHY 3305
Welcome back to PHY 3305 Today s Lecture: Momentum and Energy Conservation Albert Einstein 879-955 Review: Transforming Velocity Remember: u = dx dt x = γ ν (x + vt ) t = γ ν ( v c 2 x + t ) From this
More informationPHYS 3446 Lecture #18
PHYS 3446 Lecture #18 Monday, Nov. 7, 2016 Dr. Jae Yu Particle Accelerators Electro-static Accelerators Cyclotron Accelerators Synchrotron Accelerators Elementary Particle Properties Forces and their relative
More informationX = Z H + N n TBE. X = d 1 Z 2 + d 2 Z d 3 + d + d 4, where d i = f (Ci, A) 75 Se 75 Br. 75 Zn. 75 Ga. 75 Kr. 75 Ge 75 As
1 Lecture 4 : Beta stability, the LD Mass Formula, and Accelerators Simplest form of LD Mass Formula TBE = C 1 A C 2 A 2/3 C 3 Z 2 /A 1/3 C 4 (N-Z) 2 /A 2 + C 6 /A 1/2 = C 1 C 2 A 1/3 C 3 Z 2 /A 4/3
More informationParticle Accelerators. The Electrostatic Accelerators
Particle Accelerators The Electrostatic Accelerators References K. Wille The Physics of Particle Accelerator, Oxford University press pag 1-29 H. Wiedeman Particle accelerator physics volume 1, chapter
More informationPARTICLE ACCELERATORS
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Particle accelerators are used to accelerate elementary particles to very high energies for: Production of radioisotopes Probing the structure of matter There
More informationThe Accelerator Hamiltonian in a Straight Coordinate System
Hamiltoninan Dynamics for Particle Accelerators, Lecture 2 The Accelerator Hamiltonian in a Straight Coordinate System Andy Wolski University of Liverpool, and the Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK. Given
More informationParticles and Universe: Particle accelerators
Particles and Universe: Particle accelerators Maria Krawczyk, Aleksander Filip Żarnecki March 24, 2015 M.Krawczyk, A.F.Żarnecki Particles and Universe 4 March 24, 2015 1 / 37 Lecture 4 1 Introduction 2
More informationEngines of Discovery
Engines of Discovery R.S. Orr Department of Physics University of Toronto Berkley 1930 1 MeV Geneva 20089 14 TeV Birth of Particle Physics and Accelerators 1909 Geiger/Marsden MeV a backscattering - Manchester
More informationIntroduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics
Introduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics B.J. Holzer CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This chapter gives an overview of the longitudinal dynamics of the particles in an accelerator and, closely related
More informationEP228 Particle Physics
EP8 Particle Physics Topic 3 Department of Engineering Physics University of Gaziantep Course web page www.gantep.edu.tr/~bingul/ep8 Dec 01 Page 1 Outline 1. Introduction. Electrostatic (DC) Accelerators
More informationRadiative Processes in Astrophysics
Radiative Processes in Astrophysics 6. Relativistic Covariance & Kinematics Eline Tolstoy http://www.astro.rug.nl/~etolstoy/astroa07/ Practise, practise, practise... mid-term, 31st may, 9.15-11am As we
More informationAccelerator Physics Weak Focusing. S. A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, S. DeSilva, R. Gamage Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2
Accelerator Physics Weak Focusing S. A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, S. DeSilva, R. Gamage Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2 Betatrons 25 MeV electron accelerator with its inventor: Don Kerst. The
More informationAccelerator Physics Weak Focussing. A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, and T. Zolkin Jefferson Lab Colorado State University Lecture 2
Accelerator Physics Weak Focussing A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, and T. Zolkin Jefferson Lab Colorado State University Lecture 2 Betatrons 25 MeV electron accelerator with its inventor: Don Kerst. The earliest
More informationIntroduction to electron and photon beam physics. Zhirong Huang SLAC and Stanford University
Introduction to electron and photon beam physics Zhirong Huang SLAC and Stanford University August 03, 2015 Lecture Plan Electron beams (1.5 hrs) Photon or radiation beams (1 hr) References: 1. J. D. Jackson,
More information1.4 The Compton Effect
1.4 The Compton Effect The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1927: jointly-awarded to Arthur Holly Compton (figure 9), for his discovery of the effect named after him. Figure 9: Arthur Holly Compton (1892 1962):
More informationCERN Accelerator School. Intermediate Accelerator Physics Course Chios, Greece, September Low Emittance Rings
CERN Accelerator School Intermediate Accelerator Physics Course Chios, Greece, September 2011 Low Emittance Rings Part 1: Beam Dynamics with Synchrotron Radiation Andy Wolski The Cockcroft Institute, and
More informationThree Loose Ends: Edge Focusing; Chromaticity; Beam Rigidity.
Linear Dynamics, Lecture 5 Three Loose Ends: Edge Focusing; Chromaticity; Beam Rigidity. Andy Wolski University of Liverpool, and the Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, UK. November, 2012 What we Learned
More informationRDCH 702 Lecture 8: Accelerators and Isotope Production
RDCH 702 Lecture 8: Accelerators and Isotope Production Particle generation Accelerator Direct Voltage Linear Cyclotrons Synchrotrons Photons * XAFS * Photonuclear Heavy Ions Neutrons sources Fission products
More informationPhysics 2D Lecture Slides Jan 15. Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics
Physics D Lecture Slides Jan 15 Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics Relativistic Momentum and Revised Newton s Laws and the Special theory of relativity: Example : p= mu Need to generalize the laws of Mechanics
More informationElectromagnetic. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Jefferson Lab Professor of Physics Old Dominion University TAADI Electromagnetic Theory
TAAD1 Electromagnetic Theory G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Jefferson Lab Professor of Physics Old Dominion University 8-31-12 Classical Electrodynamics A main physics discovery of the last half of the 2 th
More informationWeak focusing I. mv r. Only on the reference orbit is zero
Weak focusing I y x F x mv r 2 evb y Only on the reference orbit is zero r R x R(1 x/ R) B y R By x By B0y x B0y 1 x B0 y x R Weak focusing (II) Field index F x mv R 2 x R 1 n Betatron frequency 2 Fx mx
More informationIntroduction Introduction
1 Introduction This book is an introduction to the theory of charged particle acceleration. It has two primary roles: 1.A unified, programmed summary of the principles underlying all charged particle accelerators.
More informationSingle Particle Motion
Single Particle Motion C ontents Uniform E and B E = - guiding centers Definition of guiding center E gravitation Non Uniform B 'grad B' drift, B B Curvature drift Grad -B drift, B B invariance of µ. Magnetic
More informationLongitudinal Dynamics
Longitudinal Dynamics F = e (E + v x B) CAS Bruges 16-25 June 2009 Beam Dynamics D. Brandt 1 Acceleration The accelerator has to provide kinetic energy to the charged particles, i.e. increase the momentum
More informationAccelerators. There are some accelerators around the world Nearly all are for industrial (20 000) or clinical use (10 000)
Accelerators There are some 30 000 accelerators around the world Nearly all are for industrial (20 000) or clinical use (10 000) Scientific research community (~ 100) Synchrotron light sources Ion beam
More informationParticle accelerators. Dr. Alessandro Cianchi
Particle accelerators Dr. Alessandro Cianchi Particle accelerators: instructions 48 hrs lectures (Wednesday 6, Friday 6 9:00) All the documentation is available via web in pdf @ http://people.roma2.infn.it/~cianchi/didattica.html
More informationD. Brandt, CERN. CAS Frascati 2008 Accelerators for Newcomers D. Brandt 1
Accelerators for Newcomers D. Brandt, CERN D. Brandt 1 Why this Introduction? During this school, you will learn about beam dynamics in a rigorous way but some of you are completely new to the field of
More informationPhysics at Accelerators
Physics at Accelerators Course outline: The first 4 lectures covers the physics principles of accelerators. Preliminary plan: Lecture 1: Accelerators, an introduction. Acceleration principles. Lecture
More informationGeorge Mason University. Physics 540 Spring Notes on Relativistic Kinematics. 1 Introduction 2
George Mason University Physics 540 Spring 2011 Contents Notes on Relativistic Kinematics 1 Introduction 2 2 Lorentz Transformations 2 2.1 Position-time 4-vector............................. 3 2.2 Velocity
More informationLow Emittance Machines
CERN Accelerator School Advanced Accelerator Physics Course Trondheim, Norway, August 2013 Low Emittance Machines Part 1: Beam Dynamics with Synchrotron Radiation Andy Wolski The Cockcroft Institute, and
More informationBeam Dynamics. D. Brandt, CERN. CAS Bruges June 2009 Beam Dynamics D. Brandt 1
Beam Dynamics D. Brandt, CERN D. Brandt 1 Some generalities D. Brandt 2 Units: the electronvolt (ev) The electronvolt (ev)) is the energy gained by an electron travelling, in vacuum, between two points
More informationBasic Mathematics and Units
Basic Mathematics and Units Rende Steerenberg BE/OP Contents Vectors & Matrices Differential Equations Some Units we use 3 Vectors & Matrices Differential Equations Some Units we use 4 Scalars & Vectors
More informationAn Introduction to Plasma Accelerators
An Introduction to Plasma Accelerators Humboldt University Research Seminar > Role of accelerators > Working of plasma accelerators > Self-modulation > PITZ Self-modulation experiment > Application Gaurav
More information1 Tensors and relativity
Physics 705 1 Tensors and relativity 1.1 History Physical laws should not depend on the reference frame used to describe them. This idea dates back to Galileo, who recognized projectile motion as free
More informationThe Cyclotron: Exploration
The Cyclotron: Exploration The purpose of this exploration is to become familiar with how a cyclotron accelerates particles, and in particular to understand the roles of the electric and magnetic fields.
More informationPenning Traps. Contents. Plasma Physics Penning Traps AJW August 16, Introduction. Clasical picture. Radiation Damping.
Penning Traps Contents Introduction Clasical picture Radiation Damping Number density B and E fields used to increase time that an electron remains within a discharge: Penning, 936. Can now trap a particle
More informationLow Emittance Machines
Advanced Accelerator Physics Course RHUL, Egham, UK September 2017 Low Emittance Machines Part 1: Beam Dynamics with Synchrotron Radiation Andy Wolski The Cockcroft Institute, and the University of Liverpool,
More informationAccelerator Physics. Tip World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI BANGALORE. Second Edition. S. Y.
Accelerator Physics Second Edition S. Y. Lee Department of Physics, Indiana University Tip World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI BANGALORE Contents Preface Preface
More informationHomework 2: Forces on Charged Particles
Homework 2: Forces on Charged Particles 1. In the arrangement shown below, 2 C of positive charge is moved from plate S, which is at a potential of 250 V, to plate T, which is at a potential of 750 V.
More informationAccelerators. The following are extracts from a lecture course at Nikhef (Amsterdam).
Accelerators The following are extracts from a lecture course at Nikhef (Amsterdam). You are not required to know this information for this course, but you will find it interesting as background information
More informationAccelerators and radiation spectra
X-ray tube Accelerators and radiation spectra Electrons are released from the cathode (negative electrode) by thermionic emission accelerated in an evacuated tube hit the anode (target, positive electrode)
More informationA short history of accelerators CHESS & LEPP. 4πε. 1919: Rutherford produces first nuclear reactions with natural 4 He 14
17 A short history of accelerators 1911: Rutherford discovers the nucleus with 7.7MeV 4 He from 14 Po alpha decay measuring the elastic crossection of 197 Au + 4 He! 197 Au + 4 He. 14 Po 4 He 197 Au E
More informationParticle Accelerators
Experimental Methods of Particle Physics Particle Accelerators Andreas Streun, PSI andreas.streun@psi.ch https://ados.web.psi.ch/empp-streun Andreas Streun, PSI 1 Particle Accelerators 1. Introduction
More informationTheory English (Official)
Q3-1 Large Hadron Collider (10 points) Please read the general instructions in the separate envelope before you start this problem. In this task, the physics of the particle accelerator LHC (Large Hadron
More information3. Particle accelerators
3. Particle accelerators 3.1 Relativistic particles 3.2 Electrostatic accelerators 3.3 Ring accelerators Betatron // Cyclotron // Synchrotron 3.4 Linear accelerators 3.5 Collider Van-de-Graaf accelerator
More informationLongitudinal Beam Dynamics
Longitudinal Beam Dynamics Shahin Sanaye Hajari School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute For Research in Fundamental Science (IPM), Tehran, Iran IPM Linac workshop, Bahman 28-30, 1396 Contents 1.
More informationSingle particle motion
Single particle motion Plasma is a collection of a very large number of charged particles moving in, and giving rise to, electromagnetic fields. Before going to the statistical descriptions, let us learn
More informationNon-radioactive radiation sources. Lesson FYSKJM4710 Eirik Malinen
Non-radioactive radiation sources Lesson FYSKJM4710 Eirik Malinen X-ray tube Electrons are released from the cathode (negative electrode) by thermionic emission accelerated in an evacuated tube hit the
More informationThis is the last of our four introductory lectures. We still have some loose ends, and in today s lecture, we will try to tie up some of these loose
This is the last of our four introductory lectures. We still have some loose ends, and in today s lecture, we will try to tie up some of these loose ends. 1 We re going to cover a variety of topics today.
More informationCERN Accelerator School. RF Cavities. Erk Jensen CERN BE-RF
CERN Accelerator School RF Cavities Erk Jensen CERN BE-RF CERN Accelerator School, Varna 010 - "Introduction to Accelerator Physics" What is a cavity? 3-Sept-010 CAS Varna/Bulgaria 010- RF Cavities Lorentz
More informationNonlinear Single-Particle Dynamics in High Energy Accelerators
Nonlinear Single-Particle Dynamics in High Energy Accelerators Part 2: Basic tools and concepts Nonlinear Single-Particle Dynamics in High Energy Accelerators This course consists of eight lectures: 1.
More informationIntroduction to Beam Transfer
Introduction to Beam Transfer Types of accelerators Example uses of accelerators Transverse phase space Poincare maps, phase space representation Recall of accelerator lattices, Twiss parameters Beam manipulations
More informationElectric and Magnetic Forces in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formalism
Electric and Magnetic Forces in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formalism Benjamin Hornberger 1/26/1 Phy 55, Classical Electrodynamics, Prof. Goldhaber Lecture notes from Oct. 26, 21 Lecture held by Prof. Weisberger
More informationIntroduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C
Introduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C Michael Billing June 7, 2006 What Are the Uses for Particle Accelerators? Medical Accelerators Create isotopes tracers for Medical Diagnostics & Biological
More informationNuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
More informationIntroduction. Classical vs Modern Physics. Classical Physics: High speeds Small (or very large) distances
Introduction Classical vs Modern Physics High speeds Small (or very large) distances Classical Physics: Conservation laws: energy, momentum (linear & angular), charge Mechanics Newton s laws Electromagnetism
More informationX-ray non-resonant and resonant magnetic scattering Laurent C. Chapon, Diamond Light Source. European School on Magnetism L. C.
X-ray non-resonant and resonant magnetic scattering Laurent C. Chapon, Diamond Light Source 1 The Diamond synchrotron 3 GeV, 300 ma Lienard-Wiechert potentials n.b: Use S.I units throughout. rq : position
More informationRatio of Charge to Mass (e/m) for the Electron
Objective: In this experiment you will determine the ratio of charge to mass (e/m) of the electron, by measuring the deflecting of electrons as they move through a magnetic field. Apparatus: e/m apparatus
More informationMagnetostatics. P.Ravindran, PHY041: Electricity & Magnetism 22 January 2013: Magntostatics
Magnetostatics Magnetic Fields We saw last lecture that some substances, particularly iron, possess a property we call magnetism that exerts forces on other magnetic materials We also saw that t single
More informationACCELERATORS AND MEDICAL PHYSICS
ACCELERATORS AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1 Ugo Amaldi University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation EPFL 1-28.10.10 - U. Amaldi 1 Short history of Medical Physics with radiations (*) In physics radiation is
More informationRF LINACS. Alessandra Lombardi BE/ ABP CERN
1 RF LINACS Alessandra Lombardi BE/ ABP CERN Contents PART 1 (yesterday) : Introduction : why?,what?, how?, when? Building bloc I (1/) : Radio Frequency cavity From an RF cavity to an accelerator PART
More informationEmphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)
LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens
More information