Does the rate of thermoregulatory sweating depend on the rate of change of core temperature?
|
|
- Valentine Hill
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Does the rate of thermoregulatory sweating depend on the rate of change of core temperature? Brian Farnworth 1, Michel B. DuCharme 2,3, Ollie Jay 3 and Glen Kenny 3 1. BF Scientific Inc, 2020 Bennett Rd, Kelowna, BC, Canada, V1V 2C1 2. Defence R&D Canada, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5 3. Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5. INTRODUCTION Contact Person: michel.ducharme@drdc-rddc.gc.ca In a previously published set of experiments in a human calorimeter, Kenny et al (2008) measured the heat loss from 8 subjects (6M, 2F) during one hour of semi-recumbent cycling exercise at 40% of their maximum oxygen consumption followed by one hour of resting recovery. The measurement technique permitted the separate determination of heat loss by the combined dry mechanisms (i.e. conduction, convection and radiation) and evaporation. On the assumption that all sweat produced evaporated from the skin and allowing for respiratory mass loss according to Fanger ( 1970), the evaporative heat loss can be taken as a direct measure of thermoregulatory sweat production. It was observed that the sweat rate rises more quickly during the exercise period and falls more quickly during the subsequent rest period than does core temperature. This is shown in figure 1 with aural temperature (T au ) used as an index of core temperature (T core ).
2 Aural Temperature ( O C) Heat Loss from Sweat (W) Tau Sweat heat loss (W) Time (min) Figure 1. Evaporative heat loss from sweat evaporation and aural temperature during exercise (0-60 min) and rest ( min) from Kenny et al. (2008). The conventional view that sweat production is proportion to the rise in core temperature above a set point (Sawka and Wenger 1988) does not seem to be compatible with these results, since at a given core temperature the sweat rate is higher during exercise than during rest. For example, during exercise a T au of ~36.9ºC yields a whole-body sweat rate of ~240 W (3.2 g min -1 m -2 with a latent heat of vaporization of 2427 J/g) whereas during recovery the same approximate T au yields a whole-body sweat rate of ~90 W (1.2 g min -1 m -2 ) (Figure 1). In order to explain these data, it is postulated that the sweating response is driven by both the value of core temperature and its rate of change with time. METHODS A model is proposed where the evaporative heat loss is given by: 0 (1) H evap S p (T core T set ) S d dt dt core Where T set is the set point, and S p and S d are the sensitivities to the proportional and derivative terms respectively. Values of core temperature were taken from the experimental data set at 5 to 15 minute intervals. These were differentiated numerically and used in equation 1 to obtain a
3 Heat Loss from Sweat (W) calculated value of H evap. The parameters T set, S p and S d were adjusted to give the best fit of the calculation to the measured values of H evap. The conventional proportional model was tested by a least squares fit of a straight line to the experimental data RESULTS Using aural temperature as representative of core temperature the best visual fit gives the calculated curve in figure 2. Here H evap is plotted against T au to more clearly demonstrate the difference between the exercise and recovery periods. In a model where sweat rate is proportional to core temperature, figure 2 would be expected to be a straight line with positive slope with data from exercise and rest phases on the same line. Clearly the figure is open with the increase in sweat rate during exercise following a curve which is higher than that followed by the decrease during recovery. Also shown in figure 2 is the proportional model represented by the best linear fit (R 2 = 0.74) to the experimental data Experimental data Model calculation Linear fit to experimental data Exercise phase Rest phase Aural temperature ( O C) Figure 2. Heat loss from sweating (H evap ) plotted against aural temperature during exercise and subsequent rest. The data are represented as mean ± standard error from Kenny et al. (2008). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
4 The calculated curve in figure 2 agrees well with the experiments except at the beginning of the recovery phase. The difference between calculation and experiment is an average of about 50 W for the first 15 minutes of the rest phase. This would correspond to the evaporation of about 18 g of liquid sweat. It is not clear whether this discrepancy is a defect in the model or a limitation of the experimental method. The calorimeter can measure heat losses with a precision of 2.3 W (Reardon 2006), but has a finite response time so there is inevitably some time lag between the production of sweat and the detection of the water vapour. However this latency has been found to not be greater than about 60 s. Another possibility is that some sweat produced during the exercise phase did not evaporate until the first part of the recovery phase. For example, some liquid sweat could have soaked into the subjects hair or clothing or remained on the skin and evaporated at a time later than when it was produced. Thus the measurement could be lower than actual sweat rate in the exercise phase and higher during the first part of the recovery phase. Compared to the total sweat evaporation of 465 g, this discrepancy is small, about 4%. Even though the discrepancy noted above is minor, it did preclude the use of a least squares technique to get the best fit of the calculation to the data. Optimizing the sensitivities to try to bring the two or three deviating points into the fit tended to make the overall picture worse. The reason for this is that the deviations at these points are probably systematic rather than random. Hence a visual fit was used. A similar analysis was performed using esophageal temperature rather than aural as an index of core temperature with results which were very similar except that the values of sensitivity for the best fit were different as shown in table 1. The value for S d is lower for the esophageal temperature since this index of core temperature showed a faster response at the onset of exercise. The slightly higher value of T set for esophageal temperature reflects the generally higher value of this index of core temperature throughout the experiment. Table 1. Model coefficients for the best fit to heat loss from sweating for two different indices of core temperatures. Index of core temperature S p (W/K) S d (W h / K) T set ( C) Aural Esophageal A model which takes the time rate of change of core temperature as an input to the drive for sweat production gives improved agreement with the experiments compared to the assumption that sweating depends on core temperature only directly. The mechanism which allows sweat rate to respond to the rate of change of core temperature is a matter of conjecture but since the thermoreceptors in the skin are known to respond to rate of change as well as actual temperature (Sawka, Wenger et al. 1996; Sawka and Wenger 1988) it does not seem unreasonable that those in the hypothalamus should behave similarly. Under steady state conditions, the derivative term vanishes and this model reduces to the conventional view of sweat rate being linear in core temperature. It has been postulated (Webb 1995) that the rate of heat storage in the body (metabolic rate external work heat loss) plays a role as input to thermoregulation. The derivative term
5 postulated here is similar in its effect. If all parts of the body have the same rate of change of temperature, heat storage is the product of the rate of change of temperature and the heat capacity of the body. Hence under those limited circumstances, the heat storage and the derivative term would be equivalent. In other circumstances, where different parts of the body (core, shell, muscles, etc) are changing temperature at different rates, the equivalence would not be exact but there may be qualitative similarity. ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS The experimental work was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command s Office of the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (DAMD ). REFERENCES Fanger, PO. (1970) Thermal Comfort. McGraw-Hill, NY, pp28-30 Kenny GP, Webb P, DuCharme MB, Reardon FD and Jay O. (2008) Calorimetric measurement of postexercise net heat loss and residual body heat storage. Med Sci Sports Exerc Sep;40(9): Sawka MN and Wenger CB (1988). Physiological responses to acute exercise-heat stress. Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. K. B. Pandolf, M. N. Sawka and R. R. Gonzalez. Indianapolis, Benchmark: Sawka MN, Wenger CB, et al. (1996). Thermoregulatory responses to acute exercise-heat stress and heat acclimation. Handbook of Physiology. Section 4: Webb, P. (1995). The physiology of heat regulation. Am J Physiol 268 (4 Pt 2): R Reardon FD, Leppik KE, Wegmann R, Webb P, DuCharme MB & Kenny GP. (2006). The Snellen human calorimeter revisited, re-engineered and upgraded: design and performance characteristics. Med Biol Eng Comput 44,
Thermal behavior and Energetic Dispersals of the Human Body under Various Indoor Air Temperatures at 50% Relative Humidity
Thermal behavior and Energetic Dispersals of the Human Body under Various Indoor Air Temperatures at 50% Relative Humidity Hakan CALISKAN Usak University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Usak, Turkey
More informationBy Marek Tuliszka D.Sc. Department of Biophysics Poznań University of Medical Sciences
By Marek Tuliszka D.Sc. Department of Biophysics Poznań University of Medical Sciences ! CHEMICAL WORK: Secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by the stomach and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) by the pancreas.
More informationSPORTSCIENCE sportsci.org News & Comment: Exercise Physiology A Spreadsheet for Partitional Calorimetry
SPORTSCIENCE sportsci.org News & Comment: Exercise Physiology A Spreadsheet for Partitional Calorimetry Kerry Atkins MExSpSc and Martin Thompson PhD School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of
More information1. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.
1. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running. When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant temperature. (a) Explain
More informationA NEW HUMAN THERMAL MODEL
A NEW HUMAN THERMAL MODEL Eugene H. Wissler The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas USA ehwissler@mail.utexas.edu INTRODUCTION Mathematical human thermal models serve important functions, both
More informationTHE ADVANTAGE OF UNDER ARMOUR FOR WINTER SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Group Members: Lisa Allen, Brenda Chen, Sonam Pokwal, Steve Graunke Title THE ADVANTAGE OF UNDER ARMOUR FOR WINTER SPORTS PERFORMANCE 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.3 INTRODUCTION...4 Background
More informationSection 3.5 Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress
Section 3.5 Thermal Comfort and Heat Stress Table 3.6 Metabolic rate as a function of physical activity for a 70 kg adult man (abstracted from ASHRAE, 1997). activity metabolic rate (W) metabolic rate
More informationModeling Human Thermoregulation and Comfort. CES Seminar
Modeling Human Thermoregulation and Comfort CES Seminar Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Modeling thermal human manikin... 2 2.1 Thermal neutrality... 2 2.2 Human heat balance equation... 2 2.3 Bioheat equation...
More information1. Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by. D. radiation and convection. (1)
1. Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by A. conduction. B. radiation. C. conduction and convection. D. radiation and convection. 2. The specific latent heat of vaporization
More informationIn a small time t: BMR; BMR BMR BMR BMR BMR The brain constitutes only 2.5% of body weight, but is responsible for 20% of the BMR (dreams). It requires a fair amount of oxygen consumption. Weight
More informationChapter 14 Heat. Lecture PowerPoints. Chapter 14 Physics: Principles with Applications, 7 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 14 Physics: Principles with Applications, 7 th edition Giancoli This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching
More informationTemperature of body can be increased by doing work on it. Here W = E mgh = E internal
Heat (C19.1-6, 10) Temperature (T) is measure of average KE of all molecules Internal energy (or Thermal Energy) is sum of total energy of all molecules. Heat is transfer of IE from one body to another.
More informationGLOBAL HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORT IN SYSTEM: NEWBORN BABY SKIN TEXTILE COMPOSITE SURROUNDING
GLOBAL HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORT IN SYSTEM: NEWBORN BABY SKIN TEXTILE COMPOSITE SURROUNDING Ryszard Korycki, Izabela Krucińska Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland PROBLEM FORMULATION Neonate skin
More informationThe Determination of Changes in Body Heat Content during Exercise Using Calorimetry and Thermometry
Review Article Journal of the Human-Environmental System Vol. 10; No. 1 : 19 29, 2007 The Determination of Changes in Body Heat Content during Exercise Using Calorimetry and Thermometry Ollie JAY and Glen
More informationHeat gained by soda = Heat lost by watermelon Qsoda = Qwatermelon
PHYS1114 SAMPLE EXAM 5 SOLUTIONS Spring 2013 Professor Kenny L. Tapp 1. Dermatologists often remove small precancerous skin lesions by freezing them quickly with liquid nitrogen, which has a temperature
More informationAnna Majchrzycka THERMAL COMFORT
WEST POMERANIAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, SZCZECIN, POLAND THE FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MECHATRONICS Anna Majchrzycka THERMAL COMFORT ASHRAE STANDARD 55-66 Thermal comfort is defined as that
More informationS6. (a) State what is meant by an ideal gas...
IB PHYSICS Name: DEVIL PHYSICS Period: Date: BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS TSOKOS CHAPTER 3 TEST REVIEW S1. Thermal energy is transferred through the glass windows of a house mainly by A. conduction. B. radiation.
More informationIslamic University of Gaza - Palestine. Department of Industrial Engineering
Department of Industrial Engineering Ergonomics Human Machine Work Environment Greatest Goal: Humanization of Work Design with E & E : Ease and Efficiency The Basics of Ergonomics Core courses (The Three
More informationLecture PowerPoints. Chapter 14 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 14 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
More informationHUMAN THERMAL RESPONSES IN WIND AND WAVES
HUMAN THERMAL RESPONSES IN WIND AND WAVES Jonathan T. Power 1, Antonio J. Simões Ré 1, and Michael J. Tipton 2 1. Institute for Ocean Technology, National Research Council of Canada, St. John s, Canada
More informationBy: Marek Tuliszka D.Sc. Department of Biophysics Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
By: Marek Tuliszka D.Sc. Department of Biophysics Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland TEMPERATURE REFLECTS THE THERMAL ENERGY CONTENT OF A SYSTEM (THE INTERNAL ENERGY) UNITS OF HEAT, ENERGY AND
More informationExam 2--PHYS 151--S16
Name: Exam 2--PHYS 5--S6 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of these are characteristics of ideal fluid flow? I. steady II. laminar III.
More informationIntroduction: review of ISO 7933
ISO 7933 " interpretation of thermal stress using the Required Sweat Rate" Introduction: review of ISO 7933 Predicted Heat Strain index (PHS) MODEL J. Malchaire P. Mehnert B. Kampmann H.J. Gebhardt G.
More informationEvaporation Rates of Liquids. Sarah Byce
Evaporation Rates of Liquids Sarah Byce Herrington CHM 201-10 8 October 2012 Byce 2 Statement of Question How do evaporation rates relate to molecular structure? Based on the information given (Appendix:
More informationQuestion 11.1: The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K respectively. Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Kelvin and Celsius scales are related
More informationThermal Properties Of Matter
Thermal Properties Of Matter 3.2.2 Explain why different substances have different specific heat capacities. Heat two same size objects of different materials for the same amount of time they will not
More informationThermal Energy. Practice Quiz Solutions
Thermal Energy Practice Quiz Solutions What is thermal energy? What is thermal energy? Thermal energy is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by the movement of tiny particles within
More informationTHERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
S. Boregowda et al., Int. Journal of Design & Nature. Vol. 2, No. 4 (2007) 310 318 THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION S. BOREGOWDA, R. HANDY & W. HUTZEL Department of Mechanical
More informationINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE NPTEL NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Lecture-37 Thermal Comfort
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE NPTEL NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Lecture-37 Thermal Comfort with Prof. Ravi Kumar Department of Mechanical and Industrial
More informationAnswer: The relation between kelvin scale and Celsius scale is TK =TC => TC=TK
Question The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K respectively. Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Answer: The relation between kelvin scale and
More informationThe Choice of Supply Design Conditions
6 The Choice of Supply Design Conditions 6.1 Sensible heat removal If there is a continuous source of heat having an output of Q in a hermetically sealed room the temperature within the room, tr, will
More information40P (2 x 60 x 60) = 2.5 x 10 6 (4200)(5) P = 1.82 x 10 5 W
NAME : F.3C ( ) Marks: /50 Form 3 Physics Assessment on Heat Time allowed: 45 minutes Section A (34 marks) 1. An indoor swimming pool containing 2.5 x 10 6 kg of water uses 40 identical heaters to maintain
More informationJudith Herzfeld 1997,1999. These exercises are provided here for classroom and study use only. All other uses are copyright protected.
Judith Herzfeld 1997,1999 These exercises are provided here for classroom and study use only. All other uses are copyright protected. 5.5-010 Which of the following statements is not valid concerning a
More informationAN IMPROVED MULTINODE MODEL OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND THERMAL COMFORT
AN IMPROVED MULTINODE MODEL OF HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND THERMAL COMFORT Charlie Huizenga, Zhang Hui, Thomas Duan, Edward Arens Center for Environmental Design Research University of California, Berkeley 94720-1839,
More informationAcclimation to humid heat lowers resting core temperature
Acclimation to humid heat lowers resting core temperature MICHAEL J. BUONO, JAY H. HEANEY, AND KATHERINE M. CANINE Departments of Biology and Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University,
More informationMEASUREMENT OF THE AIRFLOW AND TEMPERATURE FIELDS AROUND LIVE SUBJECTS AND THE EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEAT LOSS
MEASUREMENT OF THE AIRFLOW AND TEMPERATURE FIELDS AROUND LIVE SUBJECTS AND THE EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEAT LOSS GH Zhou 1, DL Loveday 1, AH Taki 2 and KC Parsons 3 1 Department of Civil and Building Engineering,
More information5) The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C is called: Page Ref: 69
Homework #2 Due 9/19/14 1) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26 C and the minimum temperature is 14 C, what would the daily mean temperature be? (Page Ref: 66) 2) How is the annual mean
More informationChange in temperature of object of mass m kg. -T i. T= T f. Q mc
PHYS1001 Physics 1 REGULAR Module 2 Thermal Physics SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY PHASE CHANGES CALORIMETRY Energy Mechanical energy: kinetic and potential Thermal energy: internal energy, Σ(KE + PE) Chemical
More informationChapter 1 Heating Processes
Chapter 1 Heating Processes Section 1.1 Heat and temperature Worked example: Try yourself 1.1.1 CALCULATING THE CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY A student places a heating element and a paddle wheel apparatus
More information10.1 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT Name: Date: Block: (Reference: pp of BC Science 10)
10.1 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT Name: Date: Block: (Reference: pp. 424-435 of BC Science 10) kinetic molecular theory: explains that matter is made up of tiny that are constantly. These atoms
More informationBio 250 Anatomy & Physiology The Human Organism. Introduction to A & P. Why Anatomy & Physiology? Dr. Tom Rachow Rock-o Office: Agenstein Hall 201E
Bio 250 Anatomy & Physiology The Human Organism Dr. Tom Rachow Rock-o Office: Agenstein Hall 201E Introduction to A & P Check out the A & P Website at: http://academic.missouriwestern.edu/rachow/ Office
More informationPredicted Heat Strain index (PHS) MODEL
ISO 7933 " interpretation of thermal stress using the Required Sweat Rate" Predicted Heat Strain index (PHS) MODEL B. Kampmann,, J. Malchaire Main criticisms concerned: The prediction of the skin temperature
More informationBiological Process Engineering An Analogical Approach to Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer Applied to Biological Systems
Biological Process Engineering An Analogical Approach to Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, and Mass Transfer Applied to Biological Systems Arthur T. Johnson, PhD, PE Biological Resources Engineering Department
More informationEnvironmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering 1 Indoor Environment and Thermal Comfort Vladimír Zmrhal (room no. 814) Master degree course 1 st semester (winter) Dpt. of Environmental Engineering 1 Environmental Engineering
More informationTarget Thermal Response to Gas Interactions
University of California, San Diego UCSD-ENG-092 Target Thermal Response to Gas Interactions A. R. Raffray, J. Pulsifer and M. S. Tillack June 24, 2002 Fusion Division Center for Energy Research University
More informationThermal Effects. IGCSE Physics
Thermal Effects IGCSE Physics Starter What is the difference between heat and temperature? What unit is thermal energy measured in? And what does it depend on? In which direction does heat flow? Heat (Thermal
More information3.1and 3.2 Thermal. Rise in temperature in deg C Final temperature in C A B C D
Name: Date: 3.1and 3.2 Thermal 1. During an experiment, a solid is heated from 285 K to 298 K. Which one of the following gives the rise in temperature, in deg C, and the final temperature, in C, of the
More informationChapter 12. Temperature and Heat. continued
Chapter 12 Temperature and Heat continued 12.3 The Ideal Gas Law THE IDEAL GAS LAW The absolute pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature and the number of moles (n) of
More information(in m^3) 4.A 1.62 B 2.35 C 3.41 D pt 5.A B C pt
Mark Reeves - Physics 21 Spring 2012 1 An automobile driver fills his 17.1-L steel gasoline tank in the cool of the morning when the temperature of the tank and the gasoline is 15.0 C and the pressure
More informationCHM Solids, Liquids, and Phase Changes (r15) Charles Taylor 1/9
CHM 111 - Solids, Liquids, and Phase Changes (r15) - 2015 Charles Taylor 1/9 Introduction In CHM 110, we used kinetic theory to explain the behavior of gases. Now, we will discuss solids and liquids. While
More informationThermodynamic analysis of human heat and mass transfer and their impact on thermal comfort
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (05) 731 739 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt Thermodynamic analysis of human heat and mass transfer and their impact on thermal comfort Matjaz Prek * Faculty
More informationThermal Physics. Temperature (Definition #1): a measure of the average random kinetic energy of all the particles of a system Units: o C, K
Thermal Physics Internal Energy: total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance Symbol: U Units: J Internal Kinetic Energy: arises from random translational, vibrational,
More informationThe triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are K and K respectively. Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
Question 11.1: The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K respectively. Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Kelvin and Celsius scales are related
More informationIntroduction Chpt 1. Study Slides
Introduction Chpt 1 Study Slides A group of molecules working together toward a common function is a: A. Cell B. Atom C. Organelle D. Tissue E. Organ ANSWER A group of molecules working together toward
More informationA dissertation submitted to tne Faculty of Engineering, University of the Wltwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science.
HUMAN THERMOREGULATION IK THE HEAT : PREDICTIVE MODELS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDUCTANCE AND SWEAT RATE Marc Harry Cohen A dissertation submitted to tne Faculty of Engineering, University of the Wltwatersrand,
More informationWeather. Describing Weather
CHAPTER 13 Weather LESSON 1 Describing Weather What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the
More informationThermodynamics 2013/2014, lecturer: Martin Zápotocký
Thermodynamics 2013/2014, lecturer: Martin Zápotocký 2 lectures: 1. Thermodynamic processes, heat and work, calorimetry, 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics 2. Entropy, thermodynamic potentials, nonequilibrium
More informationPhysics 221, March 22
Physics 221, March 22 Key Concepts: Temperature and pressure Heat Regulating heat flow Thermal properties of matter Temperature The average kinetic energy of the random motion of the molecules of a substance
More informationWhat kinds of energy do you see?
Energy Transfer ICP FTF Day 2 April 16, 2012 HW: none Topic: Light (last day) Questions: 1. When light passes through a prism, which colors of light are bent the most? 2. Which two colors of paint could
More informationFigure Schematic representation of heat exchange for the four compartments of Segment I. (Used with permission from Stolwijk, 1971.
430 Figure 5.4.4 Schematic representation of heat exchange for the four compartments of Segment I. (Used with permission from Stolwijk, 1971.) TABLE 5.4.6 Set-Point Temperature Values a for the Stolwijk
More informationUC Berkeley Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
UC Berkeley Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Title Evaluation of the physiological bases of thermal comfort models Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pq3r5pr Journal ASHRAE Transactions, 94
More informationHEAT ACCLIMATIZATION GUIDE
HEAT ACCLIMATIZATION GUIDE H E AT A C C L I M AT I Z AT I O N G U I D E 2003 RANGER & AIRBORNE SCHOOL STUDENTS u Should you be concerned about hot weather? u How fast can you become heat acclimatized?
More informationdensity (in g/l) = molar mass in grams / molar volume in liters (i.e., 22.4 L)
Unit 9: The Gas Laws 9.5 1. Write the formula for the density of any gas at STP. Name: KEY Text Questions from Corwin density (in g/l) = molar mass in grams / molar volume in liters (i.e., 22.4 L) Ch.
More informationNumerical simulation of human thermal comfort in indoor environment
Numerical simulation of human thermal comfort in indoor environment TIBERIU SPIRCU 1, IULIA MARIA CÂRSTEA 2, ION CARSTEA 3 1, 2 University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila, Bucharest ROMANIA E_mail:spircut@yahoo.com
More informationPhysics 111. Lecture 36 (Walker: ) Heat Capacity & Specific Heat Heat Transfer. May 1, Quiz (Chaps. 14 & 16) on Wed.
Physics 111 Lecture 36 (Walker: 16.4-6) Heat Capacity & Specific Heat Heat Transfer May 1, 2009 Quiz (Chaps. 14 & 16) on Wed. May 6 Lecture 36 1/26 Heat Capacity (C) The heat capacity C of an object is
More informationChapter 9. Preview. Objectives Defining Temperature. Thermal Equilibrium. Thermal Expansion Measuring Temperature. Section 1 Temperature and
Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Preview Objectives Defining Temperature Thermal Equilibrium Thermal Expansion Measuring Temperature Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium Objectives
More informationChapter 10 Test Form B
Chapter 10 Test Form A 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. No, heat and cold do not flow between objects. Energy transferred between objects changes the temperature
More informationREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions,
More informationShape Analysis of Heart Rate Lorenz Plots
Shape Analysis of Heart Rate Lorenz Plots France Sevšek University of Ljubljana, University College of Health Studies, Poljanska 26a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, france.sevsek@vsz.uni-lj.si A quantitative
More informationThermochemistry, Reaction Rates, & Equillibrium
Thermochemistry, Reaction Rates, & Equillibrium Reaction Rates The rate at which chemical reactions occur Reaction Rates RXN rate = rate at which reactants change into products over time. This tells you
More informationChapter 2 Case Studies and Study Guide: Energy Sources of Earth Processes and Disasters
Chapter 2 Case Studies and Study Guide: Energy Sources of Earth Processes and Disasters Key Concepts The four principal types of energy relevant to natural disasters are kinetic, potential, rotational
More informationThermodynamics I Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances
Thermodynamics I Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances Mohsin Mohd Sies Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Properties of Pure Substances (Motivation) To quantify the changes
More informationskin, and recourse was had to the prediction previously made by Machle &
156 J. Physiol. (I958) I4V, I56-I63 THE HEAT EXCHANGES OF WET SKIN By D. McK. KERSLAKE AND J. L. WADDELL From the R.A.F. Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough, Hants (Received 29 October 1957) Machle
More informationKinetic Theory continued
Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory continued 12.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases The particles are in constant, random motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Each collision changes the
More informationThe Speed of Sound in Air
Experiment #21 The Speed of Sound in Air References 1. Your first year physics textbook e.g. Resnick, R., Halliday, D. and Krane, K.S., Physics, Fifth Edition, Wiley, 2002. 2. Lord Rayleigh, The Theory
More informationExam 2--PHYS 151--Chapters 3 and 4--S19
Name: Class: Exam 2--PHYS 151--Chapters 3 and 4--S19 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A softball player catches a ball and brings it to
More informationChapter 12 Solutions. Q Reason: We ll use Equation Q = McΔT and solve for M. We are given. In each case we want to solve for.
Chapter 12 Solutions Q12.12. Reason: Assume the gas is an ideal gas, and use the ideal gas law pv = nrt. Since the number of moles doesn t change and R is a constant, then Equation 12.14 gives In each
More informationAquaFlux A New Instrument for Water Vapour Flux Density Measurement
AquaFlux A New Instrument for Water Vapour Flux Density Measurement E. P. Berg, F.. Pascut, L. I. iortea, D. O Driscoll, P. Xiao, and R. E. Imhof chool of Engineering, outh Bank University, 103 Borough
More informationHow Does Exercise Affect the Body?
Many people today are interested in exercise as a way of improving their health and physical abilities. But there is also concern that too much exercise, or exercise that is not appropriate for certain
More information7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions,
More informationHeat engines and the second law of thermodynamics
Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics Thermodynamic cycles A thermodynamic cycle is a series of processes which change the volume, temperature and pressure of a gas, but which at the end return
More informationMatter & Energy. Objectives: properties and structures of the different states of matter.
Matter & Energy Objectives: 1. Use the kinetic theory to describe the properties and structures of the different states of matter. 2. Describe energy transfers involved in changes of state. 3. Describe
More informationKinetic Theory continued
Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory continued 12.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases The particles are in constant, random motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Each collision changes the
More informationCAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2017
CAE 331/513 Building Science Fall 2017 September 19, 2017 Human thermal comfort Advancing energy, environmental, and sustainability research within the built environment www.built-envi.com Twitter: @built_envi
More informationSelf-Organized Thermoregulation of Honeybee Clusters
J. theor. Biol. (1995) 176, 391 402 Self-Organized Thermoregulation of Honeybee Clusters JAMES WATMOUGH AND SCOTT CAMAZINE Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T
More informationGEOG415 Mid-term Exam 110 minute February 27, 2003
GEOG415 Mid-term Exam 110 minute February 27, 2003 1 Name: ID: 1. The graph shows the relationship between air temperature and saturation vapor pressure. (a) Estimate the relative humidity of an air parcel
More informationNusselt, Rayleigh, Grashof, And Prandtl: Direct Calculation of A Userdefined Convective Heat Flux
Nusselt, Rayleigh, Grashof, And Prandtl: Direct Calculation of A Userdefined Convective Heat Flux J. F. Hansen Thoratec Corporation 6035 Stoneridge Drive, Pleasanton CA 94588, USA fhansen@thoratec.com
More informationCHAPTER 14: HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER METHODS
College Physics Student s Manual Chapter CHAPTER : HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER METHODS. TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND HEAT CAPACITY. On a hot day, the temperature of an 80,000- L swimming pool increases by.0 C. What
More information1 Closed Loop Systems
Harvard University Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences ES 45 - Physiological Systems Analysis Fall 2009 Closed Loop Systems and Stability Closed Loop Systems Many natural and man-made systems
More informationIntroduction of Heat Transfer. Prepared by: Nimesh Gajjar GIT-MED
Introduction of Heat Transfer Prepared by: Nimesh Gajjar GIT-MED Difference between heat and temperature Temperature is a measure of the amount of energy possessed by the molecules of a substance. It manifests
More informationChapter 4: Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer
Chapter 4: Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer Chapter 4: Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer Chapter 4: Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer 4.1 Material Structure 4.2 Temperature and Material Properties 4.3 Heating
More informationProcess Control and Instrumentation Prof. A. K. Jana Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Process Control and Instrumentation Prof. A. K. Jana Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 10 Dynamic Behavior of Chemical Processes (Contd.) (Refer Slide
More informationDesign, Testing and Pharmaceutical Applications of a Gas Pressure Controller Device for Solid - Gas Microcalorimetric Titration
Design, Testing and Pharmaceutical Applications of a Gas Pressure Controller Device for Solid - Gas Microcalorimetric Titration A. Bakri University Joseph Fourier Faculty of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Engineering
More informationCHAPTER 19: Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 9: Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics Responses to Questions. (a) No. Because the ernal energies of solids and liquids are complicated and include potential energies associated with the bonds
More information4.1. Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 4 - Heat GCKL UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. What is thermal equilibrium?
4.1 4 UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM What is thermal equilibrium? 1. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy that flows from a hot body to a cold body. 2. The SI unit for ( heat, temperature) is Joule,
More informationTHE EVALUATION OF MOISTURE PERMEABILITY FOR WATERPROOF BREATHABLE OVERCOAT ON WEARING CONDITON
THE EVALUATION OF MOISTURE PERMEABILITY FOR WATERPROOF BREATHABLE OVERCOAT ON WEARING CONDITON C. H. Huang, Y. W. Lin, R. H. Gao, G. T. Jou Department of Testing and Evaluation, China Textile Institute,
More informationmodeling in physiology
modeling in physiology Heat strain models applicable for protective clothing systems: comparison of core temperature response R. R. GONZALEZ, 1 T. M. MCLELLAN, 2 W. R. WITHEY, 3 S. K. CHANG, 1 AND K. B.
More informationTemperature * OpenStax
OpenStax-CNX module: m42214 1 Temperature * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Abstract Dene temperature. Convert temperatures
More informationPAPER 2 THEORY QUESTIONS
PAPER 2 THEORY QUESTIONS 1 Fig. 1.1 shows the arrangement of atoms in a solid block. Fig. 1.1 (a) End X of the block is heated. Energy is conducted to end Y, which becomes warm. (i) Explain how heat is
More informationRadiation, Sensible Heat Flux and Evapotranspiration
Radiation, Sensible Heat Flux and Evapotranspiration Climatological and hydrological field work Figure 1: Estimate of the Earth s annual and global mean energy balance. Over the long term, the incoming
More information