PLANET-C: Venus Climate Orbiter mission from Japan. Takeshi Imamura Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency PLANET-C team
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1 PLANET-C: Venus Climate Orbiter mission from Japan Takeshi Imamura Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency PLANET-C team
2 Venus Climate Orbiter JAXA s 24th science spacecraft dedicated to the exploration of Venus meteorology (code name: PLANET-C) Launch: June 2010 Arrival: December 2010 Mission life: > 2 years Mass: 480 kg (including fuel) Launch of PLANET-B Mars orbiter by M-V (1998)
3 Complementary missions Instruments Main target Orbit VCO 5 cameras Radio science Atmospheric dynamics Equatorial Venus Express 3 spectrometers 1 camera Plasma analyzer Magnetometer Radio science Atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, Surface processes, Plasma environment Polar
4 Earth and Venus Ferrel cell Hadley cell polar cell westerly wind trade wind Super-rotation They have almost the same size, but surface environments are completely different. What differentiated these planets? How does the climate system work under different conditions?
5 Science goals Meteorology Mechanism of super-rotation Meridional circulation Meso-scale processes Cloud physics Lightning Solid planet Detection of active volcanism Inhomogeneity of surface material Zodiacal light (during cruise)
6 Hierarchy of Earth s meteorology Macro Meso Micro 1sec 10min 1hr 6hr 2d 20d 1yr 10yr Planetary Climate wave change Baroclinic instability Tropical cyclones Cloud cruster Inertio gravity wave Cumulus convection Gravity wave Boundary layer Wave breaking Interaction Boundary layer turbulence 10 4 km 10 3 km 10 2 km 10 km 1km 100 m 10 m
7 Hierarchy of Venus meteorology Macro Meso Micro 1sec 10min 1hr 6hr 2d 20d 1yr 10yr?????? Super-rotation?? Feeding energy into super-rotation? 10 4 km 10 3 km 10 2 km 10 km 1km 100 m 10 m
8 Forbes (2002)
9 Concept of meteorological survey satellite Monitoring global structures Wide field of view Covering time scales from hours to months Continuous, systematic sampling Minimum interruption during the mission Local time coverage Equatorial orbit Meso-scales / Wind vectors High spatial resolution (~10 km)
10 Spacecraft configuration Mass 480 kg (including fuel) Science payload 34 kg Attitude control Pointing accuracy 0.1 o Stability 0.01 o Oribit Periapsis 300km Apoapsis 13 Rv Period 30 hours
11 Science instruments (1) 1-μm camera (IR1) by Tokyo Univ. λ= 1.01 μm (near-ir window) Pixels: 1024x1024, Detector: Si-CSD/CCD Cloud (day/night) Ground surface (night) 2-μm camera (IR2) by Kumamoto Univ. λ= 1.73, 2.26, 2.32 μm (near-ir window), 2.02 μm (CO 2 absorption), 1.65 μm (zodiacal light) Pixels: 1024x1024, Detector: PtSi Cloud / Particle size Carbon monooxide (night) Cloud top height (day) Zodiacal light (cruising) Galileo (2.3μm)
12 Science instruments (2) Ultraviolet imager (UVI) by Hokkaido Univ. λ= 283, 365 nm Pixels: 1024x1024, Detector: SiCCD SO 2 / Unknown UV absorber (day) Longwave IR camera (LIR) by Inst. of Polar Res. λ= 10 μm Pixels: 240x320, Detector: un-cooled bolometer array Cloud top temperature (day/night) Lightning and Airglow camera (LAC) by Tohoku Univ. λ= 777, 551, 553, 558, 630 nm Pixels: 8x8, Detector: APD (50kHz sampling) Lightning (night) O 2 /O airglow (night)
13 Science instruments (3) Sensor Digital Electronics unit (DE) by JAXA Controlling cameras Dark subtraction / Flat calibration / Noise reduction JPEG2000 data compression Ultra-stable oscillator (Radio science) by JAXA σ~10-13, provided by TimeTech Co. (Germany) Temperature / H 2 SO 4 vapor profiles Ionosphere, Solar corona To the earth Usuda deep space center Atmosphere Pole X-band beacon Spacecraft motion
14 1-μm camera Lightning and airglow camera 2-μm camera Longwave IR camera Ultraviolet imager
15 Radio occultation Altitude coverage velocity (m s -1 ) (km) Sounding region 20 0 Unknown momentum transport Airglow (Visible) Cloud top temperature (IR) CO 2 absorption (Near-IR) SO 2/Unknown absorber (UV) Cloud layer Lightning Lower cloud (Near-IR) CO (Near-IR) Surface (Near-IR)
16 Observation plan -- Every revolution, More than 2 years -- Limb images (~0.5 hour) Successive Global images of atmosphere and ground surface (~24 hours) Orbital period: 30 hours Temperature / H 2 SO 4 vapor / Ionosphere by radio occultation Close-up images/ Lightning/Airglow (~3 hours x 2)
17 Orbital motion roughly synchronized with the super-rotational flow near the cloud base Spacecraft 60 m/s westward flow near the cloud base
18 Spacecraft motion 16 Viewed from the north (hours) Orbital period: 30 hours 12 o FOV Superrotation Analogue of geostationary meteorological satellite
19 Detection of eddy motions embedded in the background zonal flow Derivation of cloud motion vectors from movie km Movement with time Cloud tracked winds on the Earth
20 3-D global meteorological data Dayside Nightside Temperature H 2 SO 4 vapor (RS) SO 2 / Unknown absorber (UVI) Cloud top height (IR2) Lower clouds (IR1) Cloud motion vectors 50 km 100 km? 65 km? km 0 km Airglow (LAC) Cloud top temperature (LIR) Lower clouds (IR1/IR2) Carbon monooxide (IR2) Lightning (LAC) Active volcanism / Surface material (IR1)
21 Optical sounding of ground surface Search for hot lava by taking global pictures at 1.01μm several times per orbit Emissivity distribution of the ground surface Cloud feature is distinguished from surface feature by taking motion pictures and using 1.7μm and 2.3μm images which reflect cloud feature but not the surface feature.
22 Test model of IR1 baffle Radiation test IR2 test model LIR test image (10μm) Thermal vacuum test
23 Summary VCO will be obtain meteorological data by globally mapping clouds and minor constituents with 4 cameras, detecting lightning with a high-speed imager, and observing vertical structures with radio occultation. VCO is optimized for systematic, continuous sampling which is essential to the study of atmospheric dynamics. VCO complements ESA s Venus Express which explores broad topics of Venusian environment with different approaches. JAXA is considering proposing 1 IDS for Venus Express. VCO will be launched and arrive at Venus in The data will become open to the international science community after calibration.
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