CMOS Pixel Sensor for a Space Radiation Monitor with very low cost, power and mass. Outline:
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1 CMOS Pixel Sensor for a Space Radiation Monitor with very low cost, power and mass Outline: Motivations & Specifications The first prototype design Perspectives Yang ZHOU, Jérome Baudot, Cyril Duverger, Christine Hu-Guo, Yann Hu, Marc Winter on behalf of PICSEL group, IPHC Strasbourg yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal
2 Motivations & Specifications The first prototype Motivations & Specifications Space radiation environment (Medium Earth Orbit) Electrons: 100 kev 7 MeV; particles/cm 2 /s (average number in different orbit) Protons: 100 kev 400 MeV; particles/cm 2 /s (average number in different orbit) X rays (negligible in this case); Various heavy ion species (~1%) Expected space radiation monitor functionalities Dosimeter o Measuring the accumulated dose released by those charged particles Particle Rate Meter o o Detect particle flux density with respect to species and energies Alerts in case of very intensive radiation fluxes (e.g. during solar storms) Perspectives Required features: low cost (highly miniaturized, low power & mass); real-time information CMOS Pixel Sensor (CPS) used in high energy physics: High granularity, Tiny size, large readout speed (~10k Frame/s), Good radiation tolerance (>100k Rad & neq/cm 2 ), low power consumption (~100mW/cm 2 ) 2 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
3 Motivations & Specifications The first prototype How CMOS Pixel Sensor works Perspectives 3 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
4 Motivations & Specifications The first prototype Why CMOS pixel sensor? Perspectives Very high counting rate (> 10 6 /cm 2 /s) Sensitivity from single pixel signal Dynamic from clustered pixels signal 4 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
5 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Choice of sensor sensitive area, pitch size and readout speed Trade off Flux 10 3 part./cm 2 /s 1 s 100 s 0.1 ms 10 ms 5 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
6 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Choice of sensor sensitive area, pitch size and readout speed Probability of misjudgment by hits pile-up Frame time (speed) Pixel pitch Clusterize in pixels P(N 2) 100 µs 20 µm % % 50 µm % % 50 µs 50 µm % % 20 µs 50 µm % % % 20 hits per frame Occupancy 10% Considering the power dissipation 6 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
7 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Device simulation 4 steps: translate requirements from measurements Range of expected signal on seed pixel: 300 e- to 120k e- sensor design Geant4: Energy deposited in sensitive area (Monte carlo simulation) Private model of CPS response: Energy deposited signal over pixels Digitization of pixel: signal over 3 bits Clusterization algorithm: embedded data processing 3-bit ADC: LSB: 700e-; Range: 200e- to 4400e- Noise consideration Sensor digital performance with vertically impinging 500 kev electron 1 MeV proton 7 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
8 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Device simulation Interval containing: 68%, 95% of the values proton electron 50MeV 8 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
9 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Device simulation Clusterization algorithm: embedded data processing Shutter readout row by row Sum of rows out Cluster trimming driven by zeros Clusterization Sum ADC counts in each cluster Store results in each memory (different energy & species particles) 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
10 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Device simulation: algorithm performances reconstructed energy (kev) 10% energy resulation Number of particles reconstructed Deposited energy (kev) 20 particles in a frame with mixed energies (from 1 MeV to 100 MeV) Number of particles which hit the sensor Depends strongly on the energy distribution of the incoming particles. Low energy particle <10 MeV, large cluster 10 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
11 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Front-end readout electronics (1/3): pixel Pixel readout time = 240 ns Schematic of the pixel 11 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
12 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Front-end readout electronics (2/3): Column level ADC The dedicated 3-bit successive approximation ADC ADC layout 850 um 50 um Column level CDS Adjustable I/O characteristic Special state for reducing power consumption Particular layout size: um 2 S&H 115um Th_c 130um DAC 185um Comparator 185um FSM 200um ADC conversion time = Pixel readout time = 240 ns July 2012 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal
13 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Front-end readout electronics (3/3): layout 0.35 um process, 3.3 V supply voltage Area: mm Pixel matrix mm 2 & sequence Power dissipation: o o o o ~130 uw/pixel ~700 uw/adc with hit ~600 uw/adc without hit pixel + 64 ADCs: 50 mw Timing o One row: 240 ns o One frame (32 rows): 7.68 µs 32 Column 3-bit ADCs & MUX Digital Outputs 13 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
14 M & S The first prototype design Perspectives Perspectives Additional e - /p + separation can be achieved using several sensors with different shieldings Floor plan of the future final smart sensor Application would not be limited in space radiation detection 14 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
15 iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
16 Backup Slides iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
17 Those effects which do exist but negligible(1/2) X ray wavelength (A) Only hard X-ray: 0.1 A 1 A (12 kev 120 kev) can penetrate our shielding GOES X-ray satellite data (35,800 km above the Earth) Considering the efficiency of 62.5 kev X-ray in our sensor is lower than 1%, that means every 100 seconds we have a chance that X-ray deposit 62.5 kev energy in our sensor. That is quite small. 15 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
18 Those effects which do exist but negligible (2/2) Proton nuclear reaction (rare) depends on the energy and range. Still do not have exact data to support, but the probability would be less than 1% Various heavy ion species (~1%) *J. E. Mazur. An Overview of the Space Radiation Environment. Crosslink, Volume 4, Number 2 (Summer 2003) Nuclear reaction *A.B. Rosenfeld, et al,. A New Silicon Detector for Microdosimetry Applications in Proton Therapy, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 47, NO. 4, AUGUST yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
19 Private model of CPS response Stopping power from NIST* 10 3 Proton: 100keV MeV Electron: 100keV --- 7MeV Incident particle energy (MeV) 10 4 *NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology USA *PSF: Point Spread Function; was generated from the test results of MIMOSA 5, 17, 18, 22, 24 and LUCY with the same collecting diode size; Averagely divided the range into 14 sections. 17 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
20 Device simulation Electron o Proton 18 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
21 Shielding: could help a lot Side shielding: limit particles incident angle Add shielding have a better particle energy and species resolution Obtain directional resolution for the anisotropic flux environment Front shielding: Protect the sensor from sunlight Tantalum Protect the sensor from extreme radiation dose Back shielding: Satellite its self may help shield the back Shield 0.7mm AL Need adjust with test e- > 500keV P+> 10MeV P+>100MeV Aluminum: spacecraft structural enclosures are typically a few millimeters thick and normally composed of aluminum; 0.7 mm aluminum can shield e - < 0.5 MeV and p < 10 MeV 2 mm aluminum can shield e - < 1.5 MeV and p < 20 MeV 19 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
22 Trends of detectors for space application Geiger counter (Omni-detector) *VAN ALLEN, JAMES A. Radiation Belts Around the Earth. Sci. Am., Vol. 200, pp , March 1959 SEM (space environment monitor) *S.L. Huston and K.A. Pfitzer, Space Environment Effects: Low-Altitude Trapped Radiation Model. NASA/CR SREM (standard radiation environment monitor) electron > 0.5 MeV ; proton > 10 MeV; angular resolution kg 1-5 W k EURO MRM (miniaturized radiation monitor) : Two parallel activities CCD pinhole (Matra Bae, UK) Scintillating fibre (Sensys, NL) Future ubiquitous presence in space will require <100 g <0.1 W Overcome all the challenges < 30 k EURO Real time data; high flux; full energy range; accuracy; miniature; low cost; 20 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
23 Existing technology : Miniature Radiation Monitor Power consumption < 105mW at 12V DC. Total mass 397g (electronics plus probe). Dimension 85mmX65mmX60mm. Detect: 1MeV gamma, MeV protons, 3MeV beta and various heavy ion species at 66 to 176MeV. * Fig 1. Scintillating fibre (Sensys, NL) Order of magnitude reduction in mass, volume, power and cost budgets The thin outer coating of low-z (low density) material is a precaution against excessive bremsstrahlung generation Double-conical pinhole aperture Different thickness local shielding Fig. 2. CCD pinhole (Matra Bae, UK) *Chugg, A.M.et al., A CCD miniature radiation monitor, Nuclear Science. Vol. 49, yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
24 Design details: Pixel Reset structure: recover quickly from large signal; Input dynamic range: Relative linear response : 200 e- to e- ; Nonlinear response: e- to e- ; Saturate: higher than e- ; Enough SNR for efficiency: 300 e- /14 e- = µm 2 ADC input range 12 mv to 660 mv Timing diagram: 240 ns for reading one pixel 200 e - to 9800 e - 22 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
25 Design details: ADC The dedicated 3_bit successive approximation ADC Adjustable I/O characteristic; Extra decision state to reduce power consumption; 30 ns for one comparison, 240 ns for a complete conversion Input/output characteristic of the 3-bit ADC 23 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
26 Design details: chip Sequence General look of the chip sequence One Frame: 7.68 us Row 0 Row 1 Row 2 Read pixel (240 ns) Row 0 Row 1 Row 2 Digitization (240 ns) Row 0 Row 1 Row 2 Serial output (240 ns) Origin The chip works in rolling shutter operation mode 24 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
27 25 iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
28 26 iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
29 27 iworid 2012 Portugal 01-05/07/2012
30 shutter memory Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
31 Trim 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
32 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
33 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
34 Trim 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
35 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
36 Sum yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
37 Trim yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
38 Sum yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
39 Sum yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
40 Trim yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
41 Sum yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
42 Sum yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
43 Trim Cluster end detected Cluster Q=20 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
44 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
45 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
46 Trim 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
47 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
48 Sum yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
49 Trim Cluster end detected yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
50 Trim yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
51 Trim Cluster Q=8 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
52 Sum 9 yang.zhou@iphc.cnrs.fr iworid 2012 Portugal 1-5 July 2012
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