The XMASS 800kg Dark Matter Detector in Kamioka, Japan
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1 The XMASS 800kg Dark Matter Detector in Kamioka, Japan Kai Martens Kavli-IPMU (WPI) The University of Tokyo for the XMASS collaboration The XMASS collaboration: Kamioka Observatory, ICRR, Univ. of Tokyo K. Abe, K. Hieda, K. Hiraide, Y. Kishimoto, K. Kobayashi, S. Moriyama, M. Nakahata, N. Oka, H. Ogawa, H. Sekiya, A. Shinozaki, Y. Suzuki, O. Takachio, A. Takeda, D. Umemoto, M. Yamashita, B. Yang Kavli IPMU, University of Tokyo J.Liu, K. Martens Kobe University: K. Hosokawa, K. Miuchi, A. Murata, Y. Ohnishi, Y. Takeuchi Tokai University: F. Kusaba, K. Nishijima Gifu University S. ICRC 2013, Rio de Janeiro Yokohama National University K. Fujii, I. Murayama, S. Nakamura Miyagi University of Education Y. Fukuda STEL, Nagoya University Y. Itow, K. Masuda, H. Takiya, H. Uchida Sejong University N. Y. Kim, Y.D. Kim KRISS: Y.H. Kim, M.K. Lee, K. B. Lee, J.S. Lee
2 Outline - experimental program - current experiment: XMASS 800 kg design and calibration - XMASS 800kg refurbishment - next step: XMASS 1.5 ton XMASS results were already presented here at ICRC 2013: session DM-EX01, presentation 131 last Tuesday... 2
3 The XMASS Experiment Xe detector for weakly interacting MASSive particles Xe -MASS detector Xe MASSive -detector exploiting Xenon: - high mass number SI cross section - no long-lived radioactive isotope - good scintillation yield: ~ 46ph/keV - high density (liquid): 3g/cm3-48% odd isotopes (natural) SD cross section - ββ candidate: 136Xe 136Ba+2e+2.48MeV 3
4 The XMASS Experimental Program: the PAST: 100kg prototype, (3kg fiducial), 30cm proof of principle the current incarnation: XMASS 800kg (100kg fiducial), Ø 80cm the next step: XMASS ton total, 1 ton fiducial 100kg reference: arxiv: technology advantages: - simple - scalable - self-shielding 24t, + for XMASS results see: DM-EX (was Tuesday...) (10t fiducial) Ø 2.5m future: the ultimate XMASS... Y. Suzuki, hep-ph/
5 The Kamioka Observatory: new: KAGRA Super-Kamiokande, (T2K) KamLAND (Xe) Tokyo CANDLES Nagoya XMASS Mo zu mi IPMU Lab 3k m to IPMU Lab: U, Th HP-Ge few 100ppt ICP-MS 1ppq* Kr API-MS 1ppt* * after concentration EGADS NEWAGE CLIO Legend: DM,,, GW 5
6 Hall C in Kamioka: XMASS outer detector big enough for final 20 ton detector water in tank: 10m high 10m Ø Hall C: 15m,21m,15m (h,d,w) 6
7 XMASS from the Outside In: calibration port inner detector (ID): 642 x 2 inch PMTs Hamamatsu R LXe: 1100 kg (total) 835 kg (inside PMTs) 100 kg (fiducial) outer detector (OD): 72 x 20inch PMTs Hamamatsu R3600 7
8 Inner Detector Structure: nd 2 L A Y E R F I L L E R LXe in detector: 1100kg in sensitive volume: 835kg 8
9 Electronics: so far: Super-Kamiokande ATMs 12 bit ADC/TDC integration: -100ns +300ns 1.2 μs window new: FADCs CAEN V ch/board bandwidth 500MHz, sampling rate 1GS/s resolution 10bit 1.2 μs window both systems will run in parallel signal is split 9
10 XMASS Calibration System: internal γ calibration for XMASS: - 57Co (122keV) anchor of energy scale - 241Am (59.5keV), 109Cd (88keV), 55Fe (5.9keV) (different sources slightly different shapes [materials...]) external (hose) - 60Co, 137Cs - 252Cf neutrons (need FADC) 10
11 Low BG PMT Development: BG: biggest worry PMT special development; incl. base: U-chain 0.70±0.28mBq/PMT Th-chain 1.5±0.31 mbq/pmt 40 K < 5.1 mbq/pmt 60 Co 2.9±0.16 mbq/pmt Hamamatsu R10789: QE 28-39% + XMASS photocathode coverage: 62.4% light yield: kev but: total BG larger than expected yet comparable to other experiments, like CRESST, CDMS, or CoGeNT 11
12 What Did We Learn? surface contamination: β-decays... main culprits: - PMT aluminum seal: - Cu surface: Pb, 238U chain 210 Pb (222Rn exposure...)
13 XMASS Refurbishment countermeasures: - surface cleanup Cu electropolished: rm -r U* Th* - remove Gore-Tex (presumed guilty until proven innocent ) - cover PMT aluminum seal: - vapor deposition of Al on side of window - Cu ring around aluminum seal - electropolished Cu cover above Cu rings 13
14 Radon & Dust: Defense in Depth (pictures from 2010 detector assembly:) this time: hall C now clean room (class 1000) three levels of clean room to tent in water tank much improved clean room conditions at assembly site also improved: - radon free air availability and flow - PMT holder will be kept in special encasing during assembly expect better than one order of magnitude reduction in background!!! 14
15 On the Way to XMASS 2: - still a DM detector - inner Ø: 1.5 m - contains 5 tons of LXe - fiducial mass 1 ton ~ 1800 PMTs (or move to 3 inch?) XMASS 1.5 lessons from XMASS 800kg: new PMTs! w/dome-shaped photocathode see nearby surface!!! want to start in 2014!! 15
16 New PMT for XMASS 1.5 actively being developed w/hamamatsu: (photos show prototype; no final design yet) dome shaped photocathode to detect light entering from the side: i.e. from the surrounding surfaces... effectiveness verified by MC 16
17 Conclusions - there is a well developed and active Dark Matter program at Kamioka - our self-shielding, single phase LXe detector technology is: producing results readily scalable delivering high light yield low threshold - initial contamination problems are understood and being addressed: the fundamental technology is debugged and proven! - XMASS 800kg data taking will resume in September 2013: stay tuned!! - XMASS 1.5 will start in 2014: look forward!!! 17
18 Backup 18
19 Co Calibration: 57 reconstruction: data MC W (59.3 kev) Co (122 center: data vs. MC Co (136 kev) center position sets energy scale: 14.7 p.e./kevee resolution 4% rms 19
20 Xe Distillation: otherwise: (85) Kr Removal hall C distillation system: extensive materials validation before construction: (used before filling detector) IPMU Lab: U, Th HP-Ge few 100ppt ICP-MS 1ppq* Kr API-MS 1ppt* * after concentration experience: detector stable w/o: - routine getter operation - active Rn removal K.Abe et al, Astroparticle Physics 31(2009), p290 capacity of XMASS Xe distillation system: 6kg/h; did 1 ton in ~ 1 week (3.3±1.1)ppt 20
21 Decay Chains: from: 21
22 Background Comparisons: XMASS 800kg full volume 22
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