We saw last time how the development of accurate clocks in the 18 th and 19 th centuries transformed human cultures over the world.
|
|
- Calvin Gray
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 We saw last time how the development of accurate clocks in the 18 th and 19 th centuries transformed human cultures over the world. They also allowed for the precise physical measurements of time needed to drive the scientific revolutions occurring in physics, including experiments with electricity and magnetism. This work eventually led to another major change in timekeeping devices the invention of the quartz clock. In 1880, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that quartz crystals produce electricity when they are deformed by pressure. Pierre and Marie Curie in their lab, ca
2 Further research showed that applying an electric current to the quartz could make it deform and in a remarkably regular manner, allowing the crystal to serve as the regulator for a clock. Such a quartz clock first appeared in 1927, and by the late 1960 s, thanks to their small size and high level of accuracy, they gave us our fist digital watches. 2
3 But the most accurate clocks to emerge from the new physics were so-called atomic clocks, which used the cyclic behavior found in atoms themselves to keep track of time. In particular, when electrons in atoms gain energy, they lose that energy in a very predictable and reliable way, and as early as 1879 the physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) suggested using such energy transitions to keep time. Because of the difficulties involved, these clocks did not really become practical until the mid-20 th century, but now they represent the pinnacle of modern timekeeping. Atomic clocks typically use atoms of Cesium 133, a stable isotope that is bombarded with a microwave laser to excite the atom s electrons. 3
4 These clocks can keep time to within 1 part in one 10 billionth of a second, and in fact represent the fundamental measurement of time in our modern world. Time servers around the world use standard atomic clocks to measure and provide us with the shared now that we call the current moment. Atomic clock at the National Institute of Standards and Technology the clock that determines when leap seconds get added to our days! And it s that now that we ll turn our attention to today by backing up a bit to those early pendulum clocks not only did they revolutionize our means of keeping track of time, but the analysis of their movements by Galileo and others eventually did far more than that. 4
5 For Galileo s work involved taking the motion of the pendulum out of time, and describing its movement mathematically. Rene Descartes he of I think, therefore I am fame was a contemporary of Galileo, and developed a system for recording the position and movement of objects in time which we still call the Cartesian coordinate system. This was another great revolution in our thinking about time and space it suggested a uniform, measurable space around us that could be contained within this coordinate system, and the flow of time could then be represented by timeless mathematical curves within that space. 5
6 A basic spacetime diagram showing the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. Further, time itself could be assigned to a coordinate giving us our first mathematical view of time as a space-like dimension. These mathematical tools, invented in the 1600 s, were critical to the work of Newton in the formulation of his laws of motion, and fundamentally shaped his views on space and time. Space itself was absolute and infinite, and the objects in it moved in perfectly predictable ways as time passed. 6
7 Time itself, according to Newton, was absolute, true and mathematical time, [which] of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external. Any object at any point in space experiences that same universal and absolute time including a shared present moment. This notion of a constant and universal time allowed Newton s laws to be extended into the infinite future and past given a set of initial conditions, the laws of motion seemed able to describe all future (and past!) behaviors of objects in space. This so-called clockwork universe was a key development in the philosophy of determinism, an idea we ll return to later. 7
8 However, our issue at the present is Newton s view on the universal nature of time. By the late 19 th century, this view had begun to be seriously questioned by scientists like Hendrik Lorentz and our old friend Henri Poincaré. Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré, Poincaré was working for the French government on ways to synchronize clocks across the newly developed time zones by using beams of light. In the process, he and Lorentz had begun developing the mathematics necessary to describe how light would appear to move through the universe if its speed were constant to all observers in some particular state of motion, or reference frame. 8
9 But their work was soon deeply extended by a young German physicist, Albert Einstein, who argued that the speed of light really was constant to all observers, regardless of their state of motion. Light arrives at v+c? Einstein had long been troubled by a simple idea imagine riding a bicycle with a headlight shining out of its front. Is the light from your bike moving faster because of the speed at which you are riding? If you could ride your bicycle at the speed of light, would you catch up to the light in some way? 9
10 No! Einstein postulated that the answer was no that all observers would see light moving at the same speed regardless of their own relative motion. That demanded that observers in relative motion must measure space and time intervals (the components of speed) differently space and time were not absolute, but relative! Einstein s bicycle rider can never catch up to the light from the flashlight, because his clock runs slower and slower as he approaches the speed of light! This difference in the rate at which time runs is an effect often referred to as relativistic time dilation, and is one of the most fundamental and besttested! outcomes of what Einstein would call his theory of special relativity. In particular, special relativity demands that clocks in motion measure time moving more slowly than clocks at rest. 10
11 One way to visualize how this might work is to imagine a laser reflecting off of a mirror in a moving spaceship. The astronaut only sees the beam go back and forth but the observer on Earth sees the beam take a much longer path. The only way that the beam can be moving at the speed of light for both observers is if time is running slower on the spaceship than on the Earth! This is a profound effect and one that we ll explore in some more detail next time when we discuss the role of time in space travel. But the impact of special relativity on our notions of time runs far deeper, and ultimately reveal a central flaw in our notion of the present moment. 11
12 An insightful illustration of this deeper issue is Einstein s famous moving train thought experiment. Imagine you are observing a train car as it passes directly in front of you. Now suppose at precisely the moment that the car is front of you, lightning strikes just in front of and just behind the train car. You observe the two lightning strikes to take place simultaneously. 12
13 However, an observer on the moving train car will experience something very different. Because of her motion, light from the strike at the front of the car along with all other possible physical effects caused by that strike will reach her before light from the back of the car will. Back-to-back lightning strikes cool! Two lightning strikes at once cool! So the two observers here report something very different about how the events occurred in time the stationary observer says both strikes occurred at the same time, while the moving observer says that one occurred before the other! 13
14 And what if there are two cars, moving in opposite directions? In that case the situation really gets strange indeed! The strikes are simultaneous. 14
15 The strike on the left happened first, then the one the right. The strike on the right happened first, then the one on the left. 15
16 The two observers on the train, despite being in almost exactly the same place, experience a completely reversed sense of the past, present, and future! This neatly illustrates the Relativity of Simultaneity the simple fact that observers in motion relative to each other experience a completely (and potentially radically) different version of now unfolding. Holy Crap! Think about what this does to the traditional vision of 4-dimensional spacetime. Newton had thought that time was a universal absolute, and that all observers experienced the same now as time passed. The present was like a wave passing through time and as such had a meaningful physical reality, even if it wasn t clear from the laws of motion which way the future or past lay. 16
17 Special relativity does away with even this aspect of time not only is there no clear distinction between the past and future, there is no meaningful definition of the present either. Observers in motion (as we all are!) experience different versions of now, along with different versions of the past and future! This way of thinking about the universe is often referred to as block time or the block universe. Because there is no distinction between past, present, and future in the block universe, there is arguably no passage of time at all just a collection of configurations in space-time, whose relationships depend entirely on the changing positions of objects within the universe. 17
18 Is our universe really like this? Does time not really exist? Many modern physicists believe so, and Einstein himself would have agreed in some ways. But what about those arrows of time? What about our conscious awareness of time, or concepts like free will? Is the relativistic universe as deterministic as the Newtonian universe? If all moments are equally real, why do I only experience now? We ll pick up on those topics again in a couple of weeks first we ll need to explore the universe a bit more carefully, and we ll start next week with a trip to the stars! 18
E = mc 2. Inertial Reference Frames. Inertial Reference Frames. The Special Theory of Relativity. Slide 1 / 63. Slide 2 / 63.
Slide 1 / 63 The Special Theory of Relativity E = mc 2 Inertial Reference Frames Slide 2 / 63 Newton's laws are only valid in inertial reference frames: n inertial reference frame is one which is not accelerating
More informationNotes - Special Relativity
Notes - Special Relativity 1.) The problem that needs to be solved. - Special relativity is an interesting branch of physics. It often deals with looking at how the laws of physics pan out with regards
More informationLight and Relativity
PHY1033C Fall 2017 Lecture W11 Light and Relativity 1. Light, a Special Wave For more than 200 years, Newton s theory of mechanics, condensed into the three laws of motion, have been accepted as the correct
More informationSPH4U UNIVERSITY PHYSICS
SPH4U UNIVERSITY PHYSICS REVOLUTIONS IN MODERN PHYSICS:... L (P.580-587) Thought Experiments Einstein s two postulates seem straightforward and do not seem to lead to anything new for mechanics. However,
More informationChapter 37. Relativity. PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, 14th Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow
Chapter 37 Relativity PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, 14th Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Jason Harlow Learning Goals for Chapter 37 Looking forward at why different
More informationPhysics 2D Lecture Slides Lecture 2. Jan. 5, 2010
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Lecture 2 Jan. 5, 2010 Lecture 1: Relativity Describing a Physical Phenomenon Event (s) Observer (s) Frame(s) of reference (the point of View! ) Inertial Frame of Reference Accelerated
More informationSpecial Theory of Relativity. A Brief introduction
Special Theory of Relativity A Brief introduction Classical Physics At the end of the 19th century it looked as if Physics was pretty well wrapped up. Newtonian mechanics and the law of Gravitation had
More informationChapter 36 The Special Theory of Relativity. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 36 The Special Theory of Relativity Units of Chapter 36 Galilean Newtonian Relativity The Michelson Morley Experiment Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity Simultaneity Time Dilation and
More informationReview Special Relativity. February 3, Absolutes of Relativity. Key Ideas of Special Relativity. Path of Ball in a Moving Train
February 3, 2009 Review Special Relativity General Relativity Key Ideas of Special Relativity No material object can travel faster than light If you observe something moving near light speed: Its time
More informationWallace Hall Academy
Wallace Hall Academy CfE Higher Physics Unit 1 - Universe Notes Name 1 Newton and Gravity Newton s Thought Experiment Satellite s orbit as an Application of Projectiles Isaac Newton, as well as giving
More informationChapter Two. A Logical Absurdity? Common sense is that layer of prejudices laid down in the mind prior to the age of eighteen -A.
6 Chapter Two A Logical Absurdity? Common sense is that layer of prejudices laid down in the mind prior to the age of eighteen -A. Einstein Einstein, like some others before him, notably the renowned physicistmathematician
More informationChapter 26 Special Theory of Relativity
Chapter 26 Special Theory of Relativity Classical Physics: At the end of the 19 th century, classical physics was well established. It seems that the natural world was very well explained. Newtonian mechanics
More informationEinstein s Space and Time
Einstein s Space and Time Re-examining the Obvious Familiar things happen, and mankind does not bother about them. It requires a very unusual mind to make an analysis of the obvious." Alfred North Whitehead
More informationModern Physics. Third Edition RAYMOND A. SERWAY CLEMENT J. MOSES CURT A. MOYER
Modern Physics Third Edition RAYMOND A. SERWAY CLEMENT J. MOSES CURT A. MOYER 1 RELATIVITY 1.1 Special Relativity 1.2 The Principle of Relativity, The Speed of Light 1.3 The Michelson Morley Experiment,
More informationCHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity-part 1
CHAPTER 2 Special Theory of Relativity-part 1 2.1 The Apparent Need for Ether 2.2 The Michelson-Morley Experiment 2.3 Einstein s Postulates 2.4 The Lorentz Transformation 2.5 Time Dilation and Length Contraction
More informationIntroduction to Relativity & Time Dilation
Introduction to Relativity & Time Dilation The Principle of Newtonian Relativity Galilean Transformations The Michelson-Morley Experiment Einstein s Postulates of Relativity Relativity of Simultaneity
More informationOPTION G SPECIAL AND GENERAL RELATIVITY. 0.5 c
15 M00/430/H(3) G1. Relativity and simultaneity OPTION G SPECIAL AND GENERAL RELATIVITY (a) State the two postulates of the special theory of relativity. Einstein proposed a thought experiment along the
More informationRelativity. No Ether! Spacetime. Your bicycle cannot go as fast as light.
Relativity No Ether! In 1905, Albert Einstein wrote a paper. It explained his special theory of relativity (rel-ahtiv-uh-tee). This paper was about how people thought of light. People thought that light
More informationRelativity. Transcript.
Relativity Transcript http://quantumspotacademy.org/videos/relativity/ Time, light, mass, energy. These are some of the most fundamental properties in the universe and these are the properties that are
More informationChapter S3 Spacetime and Gravity. Agenda. Distinguishing Crackpots
Chapter S3 Spacetime and Gravity Agenda Announce: Online Quizzes Observations Extra Credit Lecture Distinguishing Crackpot/Genuine Science Review of Special Relativity General Relativity Distinguishing
More informationLimitations of Newtonian Physics
Limitations of Newtonian Physics 18 th and 19 th Centuries Newtonian Physics was accepted as an ultimate truth Science is never absolute Hundreds of experiments can t prove my theory right but only one
More informationEPGY Special and General Relativity. Lecture 4B
Lecture 4B In the previous lecture we found that the proper description of the universe is one consisting of a four-dimensional manifold (space) endowed with a Lorentzian metric, (of course we are restricting
More informationPhysics. Special Relativity
Physics Special Relativity 1 Albert Einstein, the high school dropout and patent office clerk published his ideas on Special Relativity in 1905. 2 Special vs. General Relativity Special Relativity deals
More informationSPECIAL RELATIVITY: PART TWO Bertrand Wong, Eurotech, S pore,
SPECIAL RELATIVITY: PART TWO Bertrand Wong, Eurotech, S pore, Email: bwong8@singnet.com.sg Abstract According to Einstein s Special Theory of Relativity, the speed of light always remains constant at 186,000
More informationSpecial Relativity: Derivations
Special Relativity: Derivations Exploring formulae in special relativity Introduction: Michelson-Morley experiment In the 19 th century, physicists thought that since sound waves travel through air, light
More informationJF Theoretical Physics PY1T10 Special Relativity
JF Theoretical Physics PY1T10 Special Relativity 12 Lectures (plus problem classes) Prof. James Lunney Room: SMIAM 1.23, jlunney@tcd.ie Books Special Relativity French University Physics Young and Freedman
More informationRelativity. An explanation of Brownian motion in terms of atoms. An explanation of the photoelectric effect ==> Quantum Theory
Relativity Relativity In 1905 Albert Einstein published five articles in Annalen Der Physik that had a major effect upon our understanding of physics. They included:- An explanation of Brownian motion
More informationRelativistic Effects
Relativistic Effects There are four effects of motion through the background which become significant as we approach the speed of light. They are: contraction in length increase in mass slowing of time
More informationClass 6 : General Relativity. ASTR398B Black Holes (Fall 2015) Prof. Chris Reynolds
Class 6 : General Relativity ASTR398B Black Holes (Fall 2015) Prof. Chris Reynolds RECAP! Einstein s postulates " Laws of physics look the same in any inertial frame of reference. " The speed of light
More informationPHYSICS - CLUTCH CH 34: SPECIAL RELATIVITY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAMES A reference frame is a coordinate system that you make measurements in, and there are two types: - Inertial reference frames, which move at velocity
More informationLecture 10: General Relativity I
Lecture 10: General Relativity I! Einstein Tower Experiment! Gravitational redshifting! Strong Equivalence Principal! Read Chapter 8! Due to snow and confusion the mid-term is delayed to Thursday March
More informationOur Dynamic Universe
North Berwick High School Higher Physics Department of Physics Unit 1 Our Dynamic Universe Section 5 Special Relativity Section 5 Special Relativity Note Making Make a dictionary with the meanings of any
More informationModern Physics Part 2: Special Relativity
Modern Physics Part 2: Special Relativity Last modified: 23/08/2018 Links Relative Velocity Fluffy and the Tennis Ball Fluffy and the Car Headlights Special Relativity Relative Velocity Example 1 Example
More informationEinstein s theory of special relativity
Einstein s theory of special relativity Announcements: First homework assignment is online, but you will need to read about time dilation to answer problem #3 and for the definition of ~for problems #4
More informationLecture 10: General Relativity I
Lecture 10: General Relativity I Einstein Tower Experiment Gravitational redshifting Strong Equivalence Principal Sidney Harris 10/2/13 1 O: RECAP OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY Einstein s postulates Laws of physics
More informationSpecial Relativity 05/09/2008. Lecture 14 1
How Fast Are You Moving Right Now? Special Relativity Einstein messes with space and time 0 m/s relative to your chair 400 m/s relative to earth center (rotation) 30,000 m/s relative to the sun (orbit)
More informationAlbert Einstein ( )
Einstein s Special Theory of Relativity Imagination is more important than knowledge Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Contributions: The man who rewrote physics Photoelectric Effect major importance to Quantum
More informationParadoxes of special relativity
Paradoxes of special relativity Today we are turning from metaphysics to physics. As we ll see, certain paradoxes about the nature of space and time result not from philosophical speculation, but from
More informationPHY152H1S Practical 10: Special Relativity
PHY152H1S Practical 10: Special Relativity Don t forget: List the NAMES of all participants on the first page of each day s write-up. Note if any participants arrived late or left early. Put the DATE (including
More informationRelativity and Modern Physics. From Last Time. Preferred reference frame. Relativity and frames of reference. Galilean relativity. Relative velocities
HW#6 Chapter 0 Concept: 9, 6, 20, 28, 34 Problems: 4, 6 From Last Time Range of visible light from 400 nm to 700 nm Eye interprets different wavelengths as different colors but has only three sensors,
More informationLecture Notes (Einstein's Relativity)
Lecture Notes (Einstein's Relativity) Intro: - most of our everyday experiences and observations have to do with objects that move at speeds much less than the speed of light - Newtonian mechanics was
More informationSpecial Theory of Relativity. PH101 Lec-2
Special Theory of Relativity PH101 Lec-2 Newtonian Relativity! The transformation laws are essential if we are to compare the mathematical statements of the laws of physics in different inertial reference
More informationSurvey of Astrophysics A110
Black Holes Goals: Understand Special Relativity General Relativity How do we observe black holes. Black Holes A consequence of gravity Massive neutron (>3M ) cannot be supported by degenerate neutron
More informationLorentz Transformation x = γ (x vt) y = y z = z t = γ (t vx/c 2 ) where γ 1/(1 - v 2 /c 2 ) 1/2
Lorentz Transformation x = γ (x vt) y = y z = z t = γ (t vx/c 2 ) where γ 1/(1 - v 2 /c 2 ) 1/2 Problem: A rocket is traveling in the positive x-direction away from earth at speed 0.3c; it leaves earth
More informationTest 3 results B A. Grades posted in Learn
Test 3 results Grades posted in Learn D C B A End of the Semester approaches - make sure that your test, clicker and homework grades are what you think they should be on Learn F Clicker Question: What
More informationClass 16. Prof J. Kenney October 31, Relativity
Class 16 Prof J. Kenney October 31, 2016 Relativity Length contraction (moving sticks are shorter) A measuring stick at rest has a length Lo. When it is propelled at velocity v, it has a shorter length
More informationLecture 13 Notes: 07 / 20. Invariance of the speed of light
Lecture 13 Notes: 07 / 20 Invariance of the speed of light The Michelson-Morley experiment, among other experiments, showed that the speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant, as predicted by Maxwell's
More informationLecture 7: Special Relativity I
Lecture 7: Special Relativity I ª Einstein s postulates ª Time dilation ª Length contraction ª New velocity addition law Sidney Harris Please read Chapter 7 of the text 2/19/15 1 Albert Einstein ª Over
More informationChapter S3 Spacetime and Gravity Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter S3 Spacetime and Gravity What are the major ideas of general relativity? Spacetime Special relativity showed that space and time are not absolute. Instead, they are inextricably linked in a four-dimensional
More informationIn defence of classical physics
In defence of classical physics Abstract Classical physics seeks to find the laws of nature. I am of the opinion that classical Newtonian physics is real physics. This is in the sense that it relates to
More informationSimultaneity And Time Dilation
OpenStax-CNX module: m42531 1 Simultaneity And Time Dilation OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Abstract Describe simultaneity.
More informationBefore we work on deriving the Lorentz transformations, let's first look at the classical Galilean transformation.
Background The curious "failure" of the Michelson-Morley experiment in 1887 to determine the motion of the earth through the aether prompted a lot of physicists to try and figure out why. The first attempt
More informationWe started our exploration of time by discussing the deep connection between astronomy and our earliest thoughts on time
We started our exploration of time by discussing the deep connection between astronomy and our earliest thoughts on time and finished with this hypnotic animation, which nicely emphasizes the motion of
More informationRELATIVITY. The End of Physics? A. Special Relativity. 3. Einstein. 2. Michelson-Morley Experiment 5
1 The End of Physics? RELATIVITY Updated 01Aug30 Dr. Bill Pezzaglia The following statement made by a Nobel prize winning physicist: The most important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have
More informationALBERT EINSTEIN AND THE FABRIC OF TIME by Gevin Giorbran
ALBERT EINSTEIN AND THE FABRIC OF TIME by Gevin Giorbran Surprising as it may be to most non-scientists and even to some scientists, Albert Einstein concluded in his later years that the past, present,
More informationEinstein for Everyone Lecture 3: Special Relativity
Einstein for Everyone Lecture 3: Special Relativity Dr. Erik Curiel Munich Center For Mathematical Philosophy Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität 1 Summary of Historical Background 2 Emission Theories Introduction
More information0 : Einstein s postulates of Special Relativity
Class 2 : The Special Theory of Relativity Recap of Einstein s postulates Time dilation Length contraction Energy and momentum Causality 0 : Einstein s postulates of Special Relativity Consider a group
More informationPHYSICS 107. Lecture 10 Relativity: The Postulates
PHYSICS 107 Lecture 10 Relativity: The Postulates Introduction Relativity represents yet a further step in the direction of abstraction and mathematization of the laws of motion. We are getting further
More information! Exam 2 in this classroom on Friday! 35 Multiple choice questions! Will cover material from Lecture 12 to 22.!
This Class (Lecture 24): Black Holes Are Fun Next Class: Death by Black Hole: Spaghettification Night Obs/Computer labs due in class on Nov 9 th. HW 2 due on the 7 th. Exam 2 on Friday!! Exam 2 in this
More informationRelativity. Physics April 2002 Lecture 8. Einstein at 112 Mercer St. 11 Apr 02 Physics 102 Lecture 8 1
Relativity Physics 102 11 April 2002 Lecture 8 Einstein at 112 Mercer St. 11 Apr 02 Physics 102 Lecture 8 1 Physics around 1900 Newtonian Mechanics Kinetic theory and thermodynamics Maxwell s equations
More informationHow to Understand the Twin Paradox
Advances in Sciences and Humanities 2015; 1(3): 55-59 Published online October 20, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ash) doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20150103.12 How to Understand the Twin Paradox
More informationEinstein and his theory of Special Relativity (1905) General relativity came later and deals more with gravity (1915) 07 relativity.
Einstein and his theory of Special Relativity (1905) General relativity came later and deals more with gravity (1915) Groundwork for Einstein's theory was laid out my Michelson and Morley with their interferometer
More information4/13/2015. Outlines CHAPTER 12 ELECTRODYNAMICS & RELATIVITY. 1. The special theory of relativity. 2. Relativistic Mechanics
CHAPTER 12 ELECTRODYNAMICS & RELATIVITY Lee Chow Department of Physics University of Central Florida Orlando, FL 32816 Outlines 1. The special theory of relativity 2. Relativistic Mechanics 3. Relativistic
More informationChapter 10: Special Relativity
Chapter 10: Special Relativity Einstein s revolutionary demolition of the classical notions of absolute space and time and motion, as well as a radically new insight into mass & energy. Common sense consists
More informationSpecial Relativity. Frames of Reference. Introduction
Special Relativity Introduction In 1905 Albert Einstein introduced his theory of special relativity. With this theory Einstein sought to make the laws of motion consistent with James Clerk Maxwell's (1831-1879)
More informationRotational Mechanics and Relativity --- Summary sheet 1
Rotational Mechanics and Relativity --- Summary sheet 1 Centre of Mass 1 1 For discrete masses: R m r For continuous bodies: R dm i i M M r body i Static equilibrium: the two conditions for a body in static
More informationLorentz Transformations and the Twin Paradox By James Carter
Lorentz Transformations and the Twin Paradox By James Carter The Lorentz transformation m = M/ 1-v 2 /c 2 is a principle of measurement that can be classed as one of the laws of physics. (A moving body
More informationPhysics 107: Ideas of Modern Physics
Physics 107: Ideas of Modern Physics Exam 2 March 8, 2006 Name ID # Section # On the Scantron sheet, 1) Fill in your name 2) Fill in your student ID # (not your social security #) 3) Fill in your section
More informationNewton s First Law of Motion
MATHEMATICS 7302 (Analytical Dynamics) YEAR 2017 2018, TERM 2 HANDOUT #1: NEWTON S FIRST LAW AND THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY Newton s First Law of Motion Our experience seems to teach us that the natural
More informationSpecial Relativity: What Time is it?
Special Relativity: What Time is it? Michael Fowler, Physics Department, UVa. Special Relativity in a Nutshell Einstein s Theory of Special Relativity, discussed in the last lecture, may be summarized
More informationDid you read chapter 7? Housekeeping. Special Relativity Postulates. Famous quotes from Einstein. Symmetry. (Special Principle of Relativity) 5/9/2007
Housekeeping Vocab quiz: Do Due Exam versus Vocab Quiz Did you read chapter 7? a) Yes b) No c) We have a book? 1 2 Famous quotes from Einstein "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not
More informationSpace, Time and Simultaneity
PHYS419 Lecture 11: Space, Time & Simultaneity 1 Space, Time and Simultaneity Recall that (a) in Newtonian mechanics ( Galilean space-time ): time is universal and is agreed upon by all observers; spatial
More informationMotivation. The Speed of Light. The Speed of Light. In Water Things Look Like This. Introduction to Special and General Relativity
Introduction to Special and General Relativity Motivation: Michelson-Morley Experiment Induction versus Force Law The Basics Events Principles of Relativity Giving up on absolute space and time What Follows
More information1 Introduction. Summary
THE KING IS NAKED! The reason why neutrinos appear to be moving faster than light. Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov Changing Rivers by Oceans policarpoyu@gmail.com Summary This paper explains the reason why neutrinos
More informationAbsolute motion versus relative motion in Special Relativity is not dealt with properly
Absolute motion versus relative motion in Special Relativity is not dealt with properly Roger J Anderton R.J.Anderton@btinternet.com A great deal has been written about the twin paradox. In this article
More informationCAN A MOTHER BE YOUNGER THAN HER DAUGHTER? (and other curiosities of relativity) Everyday view (Newton and Galileo).
Everyday view (Newton and Galileo). Einstein s view (constancy of the speed of light). Two postulates of Special Relativity and their effect on space and time. Einstein s famous equation. CAN A MOTHER
More informationChapter 5 Newton s Universe
Chapter 5 Newton s Universe Lecture notes about gravitation Dr. Armen Kocharian Units of Chapter 5 The Idea of Gravity: The Apple and the Moon The Law of Gravity: Moving the Farthest Star Gravitational
More informationTwin paradox and Einstein mistake
Twin paradox and Einstein mistake a mathematical approach Based on the book: Logic in the Universe Victor Orsini The Michelson-Morley experiment showed inadvertently that the speed of light is constant.
More informationEinstein s Gravity. Understanding space-time and the gravitational effects of mass
Einstein s Gravity Understanding space-time and the gravitational effects of mass Albert Einstein (1879-1955) One of the iconic figures of the 20 th century, Einstein revolutionized our understanding of
More informationSpecial Relativity - Math Circle
Special Relativity - Math Circle Jared Claypoole Julio Parra Andrew Yuan January 24, 2016 Introduction: The Axioms of Special Relativity The principle of relativity existed long before Einstein. It states:
More informationAccelerated Observers
Accelerated Observers In the last few lectures, we ve been discussing the implications that the postulates of special relativity have on the physics of our universe. We ve seen how to compute proper times
More information2.1 The Ether and the Michelson-Morley Experiment
Chapter. Special Relativity Notes: Some material presented in this chapter is taken The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. I by R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, Chap. 15 (1963, Addison-Wesley)..1
More informationRelativity. Overview & Postulates Events Relativity of Simultaneity. Relativity of Time. Relativity of Length Relativistic momentum and energy
Relativity Overview & Postulates Events Relativity of Simultaneity Simultaneity is not absolute Relativity of Time Time is not absolute Relativity of Length Relativistic momentum and energy Relativity
More informationAbstract: Here, I use the basic principles of the McMahon field theory to explain the strong force and the weak force, as described for atoms.
Copyright Version: 2 nd March, 2015, updated 10 th April, 2015 Page: 1 of 8 The Strong and weak forces- explained via McMahon field theory Abstract: Here, I use the basic principles of the McMahon field
More informationSummary: Mathematical Atomism (Unified Revolution: New Fundamental Physics) compared to Mainframe Physics. By Espen Gaarder Haug
Summary: Mathematical Atomism (Unified Revolution: New Fundamental Physics) compared to Mainframe Physics. By Espen Gaarder Haug Most of the book is about the first table, logic, derivations, and comparison
More informationUnit- 1 Theory of Relativity
Unit- 1 Theory of Relativity Frame of Reference The Michelson-Morley Experiment Einstein s Postulates The Lorentz Transformation Time Dilation and Length Contraction Addition of Velocities Experimental
More informationCollege Physics B - PHY2054C. Special & General Relativity 11/12/2014. My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building.
Special College - PHY2054C Special & 11/12/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building Outline Special 1 Special 2 3 4 Special Galilean and Light Galilean and electromagnetism do predict
More informationSpecial Theory of Relativity. The Newtonian Electron. Newton vs. Einstein. So if Newtonian Physics is wrong. It is all Relative.
Special Theory of Relativity Chapter 26 The Newtonian Electron Newtonian Theory (everything we have done so far in class) can be tested at high speeds by accelerating electrons or other charged particles
More informationRelativity. Class 16 Prof J. Kenney June 18, boss
Relativity Class 16 Prof J. Kenney June 18, 2018 boss Length contraction (moving sticks are shorter) A measuring stick at rest has a length Lo. When it is propelled at velocity v, it has a shorter length
More informationEinstein in a Nutshell
Einstein in a Nutshell Richard Wolfson Benjamin F. Wissler Professor of Physics Middlebury College Insight Cruises/Scientific American January 15, 2011 Relativity in Recent News http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/12/05/record-black-holes-bigger-than-our-solar-system/,
More information1. Convective throughout deliver heat from core to surface purely by convection.
6/30 Post Main Sequence Evolution: Low-Mass Stars 1. Convective throughout deliver heat from core to surface purely by convection. 2. Convection mixes the material of the star is the material carries the
More informationEinstein s theory of special relativity
Einstein s theory of special relativity Announcements: Homework 1s due at 1:00pm on Friday in the wood cabinet just inside the physics help room (G2B90) Last year s Nobel Prize winner David Wineland (CU
More informationThe Search for a Fundamental Theory of the Universe
The Search for a Fundamental Theory of the Universe Lecture 1- History & basic concepts, including Newton, Maxwell, Einstein & Quantum Mechanics Lecture 2 - Where are we now? General relativity & the Standard
More information( ) 2 + v t B = 2 D2 + L 2. = 2D c. t B. & t A. , L = v t B. D = c t A. + v t. = t A. = 2 c. c 2. ( v2 c ) = t. 1 v2. t B 2 = t A.
LECTURE The Theory of Special Relativity [PSR] This principle seems innocuous enough, and it is the entirety of the theory of special relativity and in essence that s it however, there are consequences
More informationPhysics 2D Lecture Slides Sept 29. Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics
Physics 2D Lecture Slides Sept 29 Vivek Sharma UCSD Physics Galilean Relativity Describing a Physical Phenomenon Event ( and a series of them) Observer (and many of them) Frame of reference (& an Observer
More informationLesson 12 Relativity
Lesson 12 Relativity Introduction: Connecting Your Learning Relative motion was studied at the beginning of the course when the simple notion of adding or subtracting velocities made perfect sense. If
More informationRethinking the Principles of Relativity. Copyright 2010 Joseph A. Rybczyk
Rethinking the Principles of Relativity Copyright 2010 Joseph A. Rybczyk Abstract An analysis of all of the principles involved in light propagation lead to the discovery that the relativistic principle
More informationConcepts in Physics. Friday, September 11th 2009
1206 - Concepts in Physics Friday, September 11th 2009 Some notes Reminder: this coming Monday the tutorial (16:30-18:00) is mandatory for the LAB part of this course. Initial test solutions available
More informationdt = p m, (2.1.1) dt = p
Chapter 2 Special relativity 2.1 Galilean relativity We start our discussion of symmetries by considering an important example of an invariance, i.e. an invariance of the equations of motion under a change
More informationAST2000 Lecture Notes
AST2000 Lecture Notes Part 2A The special theory of relativity: Basic principles Questions to ponder before the lecture 1. You have already used the Lorentz transformations. Do you know where they come
More information