Objectives. Assessment. Assessment 5/14/14. Convert quantities from one unit to another using appropriate conversion factors.
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1 Objectives Convert quantities from one unit to another using appropriate conversion factors. Identify the independent and dependent variables in an experiment. Evaluate and make inferences from data represented graphically, and communicate valid conclusions supported by the data. Express and manipulate relationships among physical variables quantitatively using graphs. 1. Which of the following unit conversions is correct? A. B. 2. A marble was dropped from varying initial heights and its final speed measured. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment. C. 3. As the marble falls farther, its speed: A. decreases B. increases C. remains constant Physics terms conversion factor variable independent variable dependent variable model 1
2 Equations speed: When solving physics problems, you may need to convert units to make them consistent. Click on this unit conversion calculator on page 58. How many meters are in one mile? How many kilograms are in one solar mass? How many hours have you lived by your 18 th birthday? How many meters are in one mile? 1609 meters How many kilograms are in one solar mass? kilograms How many hours have you lived by your 18 th birthday? 158,000 hours When solving physics problems, the units you use must be consistent. You need to be able to convert units to make them consistent. To convert a quantity from one unit to another, multiply by a conversion factor. Here are some examples of conversion factors for length. A conversion factor always has the value of one (1) whether it is right-side-up or upside-down. 2
3 To convert from one unit to another, multiply by the appropriate conversion factor. Use the conversion factor shown at right to convert 12 inches to centimeters. Pick the conversion factor that lets you cancel the unit you don t want, and end up with the unit you want. Use the conversion factor shown at right to convert 12 inches to centimeters. Displaying data Data can be displayed in tables, graphs and charts. In this lesson you will use all three methods. Flipping the conversion factor upside down lets you cancel the unit you don t want, and end up with the unit you want. Data in tables Work with a partner to answer these questions: The same data in a graph Work with a partner to answer these questions: How is temperature changing over time? Predict the temperature at t = 50 seconds. How is temperature changing over time? Predict the temperature at t = 50 seconds. temperature C time (s) 3
4 The same data in a graph Work with a partner to answer these questions: How is temperature changing over time? It is decreasing. Predict the temperature at t = 50 seconds. temperature C About variables An experimenter may choose to manipulate one variable (the independent variable) to determine how this will affect another variable (the dependent variable). It will be roughly 10 C time (s) About variables This experimenter chose to record speed over a certain time interval. About variables The independent variable is time and is plotted on the x-axis. The dependent variable is speed and is plotted on the y-axis. Dependent variable Independent variable Louise measures the air temperature at noon every day for an entire year. She wants to graph her findings. Louise measures the air temperature at noon every day for an entire year. She wants to graph her findings. Which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable? Independent variable: Dependent variable: Air Temperature Day of the Year Which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable? Independent variable: day of the year Dependent variable: air temperature Air Temperature Day of the Year 4
5 Scales It is important to read the scales on the x- and y-axes when interpreting a graph. Which of these graphs shows a greater change in energy? Scales It is important to read the scales on the x- and y-axes when interpreting a graph. Which of these graphs shows a greater change in energy? They are the same. Visualizing data Plotting data can reveal mathematical relationships between variables. Equations can be found to fit the graphs and model the relationships. Exploring the ideas In 2B you will find the equations needed to fit a set of graphs. Click the interactive simulation, page 61. The simulation contains data showing how some variables change under different conditions. The four examples include: an object with constant speed an object dropped from rest current varying with resistance an object cooling over time Part 1: Matching models to data 1. Plot time on the x-axis by selecting x for Column 1. Plot distance on the y-axis for an object moving at constant speed by selecting y for Column Choose a model equation (line, parabola, exponential, or inverse) to try and fit the data. 3. Change parameters for that model to fit the data. 5
6 Questions for Part 1 a. What model and parameters are a good fit to this distance vs. time graph? b. Are equal numbers of data points plotted above and below your model? Why is this important? c. Repeat these steps for an object dropped from rest (columns 1, 3). Questions for Part 1 d) Repeat these steps for a graph of electric current versus resistance (columns 4, 5). e) Repeat these steps for a graph of a cooling object using the temperature and time data (columns 1, 6). Part 2: Other ways to represent data: pie and bar charts 1. Use the data below to construct a pie chart, bar chart, and stacked bar chart. Be sure to label your charts! The equation for speed is: If you hold the distance d constant and graph speed vs. time, what kind of relationship will you get? A. linear B. parabolic C. inverse The equation for speed is: Visualizing data Plotting data can reveal mathematical relationships between variables. If you hold the distance d constant and graph speed vs. time, what kind of relationship will you get? A. linear B. parabolic C. inverse No relationship between x and y 6
7 1. Which of the following unit conversions is correct? A. 1. Which of the following unit conversions is correct? A. B. B. C. C. If this is a final answer, round to the correct number of significant figures. 2. A marble was dropped from varying initial heights and its final speed measured. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment. 2. A marble was dropped from varying initial heights and its final speed measured. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment. dependent variable: speed (m/s) independent variable: height (m) 3. As the marble falls farther, its speed: A. decreases B. increases C. remains constant 3. As the marble falls farther, its speed: A. decreases B. increases C. remains constant 7
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