Grand Unified theory, God Particle and the Missing Universe

Transcription

1 Grand Unified theory, God Particle and the Missing Universe Presented by Abraham A. Christian College Chengannur 5/18/2012 1

2 Warning What you will hear in this session may alter your perception of reality and the universe itself. Please stay awake. However, just in case you sleep, don t snore. 5/18/2012 2

3 Fundamental interactions of nature 1/32 5/18/2012 3

4 Mediating particle concept 2/32 5/18/2012 4

5 Fundamental interaction characteristics 3/32 5/18/2012 5

6 The Elementary world 4/32 Matter Leptons Hadrons (Irresponsive to Strong forces) (Responsive to Strong forces) Mesons (2 Quarks) Baryons (3 Quarks) 5/18/2012 6

7 Just a few of them! 5/32 5/18/2012 7

8 I can t remember them all!! 6/32 "Young man, if I could remember the names of these particles, I would have been a botanist! -Enrico Fermi to his student Lederman (both Nobel laureates) 5/18/2012 8

9 The Leptons 7/32 5/18/2012 9

10 8/32 Q.Which is the most abundant Matter particle in the universe? The neutrino 5/18/

11 So many of them! 9/32 Every cm 2 of Earth surface is crossed every second by more than 10 billion (10 10 ) neutrinos produced in the Sun neutrinos per second from Sun are zipping through you n No worries! Neutrinos do not harm us. Our bodies are transparent to neutrinos. 5/18/

12 The puzzling neutrinos 10/32 o Near zero mass oalmost no interactions (only weak) o Can cross light-years of material without being affected o Can travel from the most remote corners of the Universe bringing information from the origin of space and time They do matter to us: If there were no neutrinos the sun would not shine! 5/18/

13 11/32 The Solar Neutrino mystery R. Davis: Measuring the solar neutrino flux in a gold mine in South Dakota for 30 years ( ) and observing only 1/4 of the expected flux!! Why? 5/18/

14 The mystery solved-neutrino oscillations The neutrinos change from one kind to another through neutrino oscillations. Thus the expected reaction does not occur at the calculated rate. 12/32 n m n t 11/40 A detector here does sees only n m A detector here sees only n t 5/18/

15 13/32 Discovery of neutrino oscillation in the Super-Kamiokande (1998) Koshiba (Super Kamiokande Spokesman) : 2002 Nobel Prize [shared with R.Davis] o Half of the n m are lost! Oscillated to undetected n t o Neutrons have negligible but non-zero mass 5/18/

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17 Internal structure of Hadrons 15/32 o Uneven internal distribution of charge. o Two or three intense charge regions. o Internal Quark structure inferred. o Quark + Anti-Quark structure for Mesons. o Three Quark structure for Baryons. 5/18/

18 Generations of Quarks 16/32 Generations of Quarks are progressively heavy and require greater energy for production 5/18/

19 Colors of Quarks 17/32 odifferent colors of Quarks can co-exist even if they have the other quantum numbers same. obaryons with three colors of Quarks have no resultant color (in analogy with optics). o Mesons also have no color due to color + anti-color addition. 5/18/

20 Quark structure of some Hadrons 18/32 Omega Hyperon Proton Neutron 5/18/

21 Occurrence of Quarks 19/32 o Quarks have not been found in isolation. o Quark confinement prevents their separation. othe phenomenon follows from the theory of Quantum Chromo dynamics (QCD) o Forced Energetic separation of Quarks produce two new pairs of quarks. 5/18/

22 Quark confinement 20/32 There are no free quarks, quarks and anti-quarks are confined in colourless doublet (mesons) or triplets (baryons) by the exchange of gluons Decay Z 0 Gluon hold quarks together as they move further apart Here, the gluon connection snaps, and other quark-antiquark pairs are created out of the The new quarks bound to the old quarks energy released and form new mesons 5/18/ S.Ward

23 Fundamental interactions Once more 21/32 5/18/

24 Unification stage-1 Electroweak force 22/32 Glashow, Weinberg and Salam (GWS, ) developed a theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces into one electroweak force. The Exchange particles are four Bosons generated through symmetry breaking oz ow+ ow- ophoton 5/18/

25 Unification stage-2 Standard Model success 23/32 o Electroweak + strong o All matter constituents o 6 quarks and 6 Leptons o Structure of matter ~10-18 m o Pioneers awarded 20 Nobel prizes. 5/18/

26 Unification stage-2 Standard Model constituents 24/32 5/18/

27 Unification stage-2 Higgs field & God Particle 25/32 ohiggs field exists every where othe field imparts mass to particles while breaking symmetry omass α Field interaction ointeraction mediated by the Higgs Boson H o 5/18/

28 Unification stage-2 Search for the Higgs Boson 26/32 othe energy of the particle is >> Tev/c 2 oit is hoped that the LHC will produce the God particle 5/18/

29 Unification stage-3 The Grand Unification 27/32 5/18/

30 Unification stage-3 The GUT symmetry 28/32 S =S+ (1/2) 5/18/

31 The Land Marks in unification 29/32 5/18/

32 The fate of the Universe 30/32 5/18/

33 Composition of the Universe 31/32 5/18/

34 The Missing Universe 32/32 Chart of the matter of the universe-in a way, this chart is an embarrassment for scientists. We are only able to account for 4% of the matter in the universe. 5/18/

35 THANK YOU 5/18/