Primary Standardisation of I-125
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1 Primary Standardisation of S. Pommé, T. Altzitzoglou, R. Van Ammel, G. Sibbens Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, Belgium Stefaan Pommé, Key Comparison Workshop, BIPM
2 : Seven methods Photon sum-peak counting with ai well detector Photon sum-peak counting with CsI(Tl) spectrometer Total emission counting with CsI(Tl) spectrometer -,γ coincidence counting with ai detectors (fixed or variable distance) electron,γ coincidence counting (PPC+aI well) electron,γ sum counting (PPC+aI well) Liquid scintillation counting
3 IM A544 (005) erratum IM A555 (005) 459 3
4 preparation sources quantitative drop deposition by pycnometer drop of 00 mg/l AgO 3 added to solution to precipitate volatile iodine source drying in laminar flow solid sources covered by 8-35 μg/cm VYS foil LSC: 5 ml Ultima Gold 5 ml Insta-Gel Plus 5 ml Ultima Gold + ml water 4
5 photon sum-peak counting in a ai well ai 6 x6 well 5
6 ratio doubles/singles peak => counting efficiency - and γ-rays in ai(tl) well + A x = + A singles peak doubles peak x =69.3% 6
7 pileup => increases doubles peak - and γ-rays in ai(tl) well singles peak doubles peak 7
8 pile-up correction formula A A ρτ = + e A A corr A, A area of singles and doubles peak ρ=the measured count rate τ is the characteristic (leading edge) pulse width 8
9 pile-up correction vs. count rate.00 photon sum-peak counting with ai well.080 correction factor count rate (cps) 9
10 photon sum-peak counting by ai well : results Act (kbq/g) mass (g) 0
11 CsI(Tl) sandwich spectrometer
12 photon sum-peak counting by CsI(Tl) sandwich spectrometer PM tube Source CsI
13 cover source by plastic caps to stop the electrons CsI(Tl) crystal with semi-spherical cavity source with semi-spherical caps 3
14 photon sum-peak counting,γ K rays and γ-rays (~30keV) are being measured electrons are stopped e - 4
15 photon sum-peak method by CsI(Tl) sandwich spectrometer - and γ-rays in CsI(Tl) x =99.3% singles peak doubles peak 5
16 photon sum-peak counting results Act (kbq/g) source mass (g) 6
17 total emission counting,γ K rays and γ-rays and electrons are being measured e - 7
18 Total emission counting by CsI(Tl) sandwich spectrometer photons only - and γ-rays and electrons in CsI(Tl) singles peak doubles peak 8
19 peak ratio vs. count loss 3% loss 0.339Y+0.045Y % Y=A /A loss % 0% A /A 9
20 results total emission counting Act (kbq/g) count rate (s - ) 0
21 -,γ coincidence by two moveable ai detectors vary distance symmetrically
22 -,γ coincidence by two fixed ai detectors vary efficiency by sandwiching the source between absorber foils
23 at first sight: non-linear? Act (kbq/g) cf. H. Schrader and K.F. Walz, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 38 (987) 763
24 4 direct solution instead of extrapolation c c c + + = { } x x 0 / + =
25 direct solution vs. extrapolation Act (kbq/g)
26 residuals dev (kbq/g) bias at large distances 6
27 alternative type of extrapolation + + c as a function of efficiency ratio Act(kBq/g) f= A / B 7
28 escape peak of 35 kev γ-ray in ai number of counts % of spectrum 9% of γ-ray s below threshold error of 0.03% on activity channel number 8
29 Tereshchenko et al., Measurement Techniques 49 (006) 60 9
30 4π Κ,γ coincidence counting by PPC and well ai(tl) γ ai 6 x6 well PPC coinc. c β source 30
31 3 iterative solution { } { } { } + = + = + = β γ e x e x 0 c e e 0 x x 0 E E E E E E E E { } { } e x e c x E E E E E E E E + + = β { } { } e x x c e E E E E + + = γ { } x x 0 / + = γ discriminator energy>0 kev β c x 3. x x e
32 3 x0 5 x0 4 x0 3 choice of threshold PPC L LAuger threshold level K Auger L+ ce channel number number of counts relative activity
33 extrapolation to zero gas pressure => eliminate photon detection in PPC Act (kbq/g) PPC gas pressure (0 5 Pa) 33
34 4π,γ sum counting by PPC and well ai(tl) 34
35 summing method aims for 00% efficiency 0 = β + γ c discriminator thresholds as low as possible all sources were covered by thin VYS foil to avoid contamination beta efficiency variation by natural variation of self-absorption two discriminator threshold settings 35
36 classical extrapolation 460 Act (kbq/g) parabolic (- β )/ β 36
37 alternative extrapolation total count loss {[ A ( ) + B( ) + P ]( η ) + P } x e L KL { C ) + D( )} L ( x e M + count loss in PPC = ( β 0) {[ A + B( ) + P ]( η ) + P } e L KL { C + D( )} e L M + quite linear correlation if e x (nearly) constant 37
38 extrapolation (this work) 300 Act (kbq/g) 60 0 linear b / 0 38
39 Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry Wallac Quantulus 0 ultra low-level liquid scintillation counter picture PTB 39
40 Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry I spectrum Energy (kev) Packard 300 TR/AB 40
41 Calculated uclide Efficiency 86 CIEMAT-IST C004 (PTB) 84 efficiency (%) Cocktail = 5mL Ultima Gold + ml H O tsie 4
42 Results 5 I by LSC activity concentration (kbq/g) should be independent of quenching tsie 4
43 Results 5 I KC ±0.6% Act (kbq/g) % 95 CsI(Tl) CsI(Tl) caps b-g sum g sum b-g coinc - coinc LSC 43
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