Physiological and biochemical changes in cucumber infected by Pythium aphanidermatum and the effect of calcium silicate on damage reduction

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1 DOI: Physiological and biochemical changes in cucumber infected by and the effect of calcium silicate on damage reduction H. CHAKANI1, S. MOHSENZADEH1 and R. MOSTOWFIZADEH-GHALAMFARSA2 1- M.Sc. and Associate Professor, respectively, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; 2- Professor, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Abstract is a cosmopolitan and soil-borne Oomycete which is a root rot pathogen for various species of Cucurbitaceae. The impacts of the pathogen on physiological changes in cucumber plants and the effect of different concentrations of calcium silicate on disease damage reduction were investigated. Three concentrations of calcium silicate, 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1, were applied in this study. Different plant physiological and biochemical mechanisms such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis and antioxidant response were studied. Seedlings were planted in greenhouse and collected after 36 (growing stage) and 71 (flowering stage) days. Chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, carbohydrates, proteins, anthocyanin contents, lipid proxidation, and catalase activity in the plants were measured. This study showed a decrease in chlorophyll and cartenoid levels and an increase in the levels of the other factors after inoculation. All the measured factors such as proline, carbohydrates, proteins and anthocyanin were increased in healthy plants after adding 100 and 150 mg L-1 calcium silicate compared to the controls. In infected plants which were treated with 100 and 150 mg L-1 calcium silicate, an increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid levels and a decrease in all other monitored factors were observed. The level of chlorophyll, carotenoid, carbohydrate, and prolin in the reproduction stage were significantly more than the vegetative stage. Based on these findings, application of 150 mg L-1 calcium silicate would reduce the physiological disorders such as plant growth reduction and root rot due to infection of cucumber plants and also better physiology in healthy plants. Key words: Cucumber, calcium silicate, biochemical and physiological changes, Pythium spp. Corresponding author: rmostofi@shirazu.ac.ir

2 Miyake and Takahashi, 1983 (Edson) Fitzp. Gong et al., 2005 van der Plaats-Niterink, 1981 Moulin Elawad et al., 1982 et al., 1994; Utkhede et al., 2000 Cherif et al., 1994; Fawe et al., 1998; Remus-Borel et al., 2005; Rodrigues et al., Wulff et al., van der Plaats-Niternk,1991 Chérif et al., 1994a Zea mays L. Chérif et al., 1994a Shahrtash and Mohsenzadeh, 2011 Mitani and Ma, 2005 Chérif et al., 1992; Cai Tisdale et al., 1985; Samuels et al., 1993; Epstein, et al., ; Marschner, 1995 Shahrtash and Mohsenzadeh, 2011) (Chérif et al., 1994b Cucumis sativus L.

3 CMA - CMA Arnon, 1959 Nelson, 1944 Heath and Packer (1968) Bradford, 1976 Bates, 1973 Aebi, 1984 Wagner, 1979

4 C. sativus L.

5 (mg g-1 fresh weight FW ) P (Cont.) -1 Fig. 1. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on chlorophyll (mg g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P mg g-1 fresh weight FW P (Cont.) -1 Fig. 2. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on carotenoid (mg g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05.

6 mg g-1 fresh weight FW P (Cont.) Fig. 3. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate treatment and (P) inoculation on carbohydrate (mg g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P mg g-1 fresh weight P.(Cont.) -1 FW Fig. 4. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on proxidation (mg g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05.

7 mg g-1 fresh weight FW P.(Cont.) -1 Fig. 5. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on protein (mg g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P mm g-1 fresh weight FW P.(Cont.) -1 Fig. 6. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on proline (mm g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05.

8 Feng Ma and Takashi, 2002 Bonfig et al., 2006; Swarbrick et al., Shahrtash and Mohsenzadeh, Scharte and Schon., 2005

9 mm H2O2 min-1 g-1 fresh weight P (Cont.) FW -1 Fig. 7. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on catalase (mm H2O2 min-1 g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P mm g-1 fresh weight FW P (Cont.) -1 Fig. 8. The effect of different concentration of calcium silicate (Si, mg L ) treatment and (P) inoculation on anthocyanin (mm g-1 fresh weight FW ) contents of 36 and 71 day-old cucumber plants compared with control plants (Cont.). Mean values at the column peaks followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P 0.05.

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