Introduction to Nuclear Engineering
|
|
- Harvey Phillips
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2016/9/27 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering Kenichi Ishikawa ( ) ishiken@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1
2 References Nuclear Physics basic properties of nuclei nuclear reactions nuclear decays Basdevant, Rich, and Spiro, Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics (Springer, 2005) Krane, Introductory Nuclear Physics (Wiley, 1987) (, 1971) II Course material downloadable from: 2
3 Basic properties of nuclei 3
4 A nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons E = mc 2 + e 0 - e e = C MeV = 10 6 ev nucleon: proton, neutron ev = J 4
5 A nucleus is labeled by atomic number and mass number A ZX Z : atomic number = number of protons N : number of neutrons A = Z + N : mass number example U or simply 235 U uranium-235 N = = 143 5
6 nuclear binding energy and mass defect mass defect M = Zm p + Nm n m N > 0 proton mass neutron mass nuclear mass binding energy B = Mc 2 =(Zm p + Nm n m N )c 2 max Ni binding energy per nucleon B/A (MeV) ~ 8 MeV mass number A 6 stable unstable
7 Nuclear reactions 7
8 Nuclear reactions free particle (photon, electron, positron, neutron, proton, ) projectile projectile a + X Y + b target scattering target nuclear reactions X(a,b)Y example α + 14 N 17 O + p (Rutherford, 1919) p + 7 Li 4 He + α (Cockcroft and Walton, 1930) 8
9 Energetics a + X Y + b m X c 2 + T X + m a c 2 + T a = m Y c 2 + T Y + m b c 2 + T b rest mass kinetic energy reaction Q value Q =(m initial m final )c 2 =(m X + m a m Y m b )c 2 = T Y + T b T X T a excess kinetic energy Q > 0 : exothermic Q < 0 : endothermic 9
10 Important nuclear reactions for thermal energy generation Fission 235 U+n! X+Y+(2 3) n example 235 U+n! 144 Ba + 89 Kr + 3n MeV Fusion D+T! 4 He (3.5 MeV) + n (14.1 MeV) D+D! T(1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV)! 3 He (0.82 MeV) + n (2.45 MeV) D+ 3 He! 4 He (3.6 MeV) + p (14.7 MeV) > 10 6 times more efficient than chemical reactions! 10
11 Nuclei for fission reactors 233 U, 235 U, 239 Pu (fissile materials) fission by thermal neutron capture Fission of 235 U produces ~2.5 neutrons 238 U, 232 Th (fertile materials) change to 239 Pu, 232 Th by neutron capture fast breeder reactor 11
12 Cross section Probability P proportional to. number density of target particles n target thickness dz dz L dp = ndz Unit of cross section dimension of area m 2, cm 2 size of nucleus ~ a few fm 1 barn (b) = m 2 = cm 2 12
13 Differential cross section angular dependence ( ) target detector d Probability that the incident particle is scattered to a solid angle d dp, = d d ndzd for isotropic scattering ( ) d d = 4 differential cross section ( ) total cross section = d d d = 0 2 d 0 d d (, ) sin d 13
14 Mean free path and reaction rate. flux F df = F ndz L df dz = F n dz F (z) =F (0)e nz = F (0)e z macroscopic cross section ( ) = n [1/length] mean free path if there are different types of target objects (nuclei) reaction rate l =1/ v l =1/ n i in i F(z)/F(0) /e = / n also distribution of free path l = n v 14 z
15 General characteristics of cross-sections Elastic scattering The internal states of the projectile and target (scatterer) do not change before and after the scattering. Rutherford scattering, (n,n), (p,p), etc. Inelastic scattering (n,γ), (p,γ), (n,α), (n,p), (n,d), (n,t), etc. fission, fusion 15
16 Elastic neutron scattering relevant to (neutron) moderator in nuclear reactors due to the short-range strong interaction JENDL flat region range of the strong interaction el 20 b (2fm) 2 0.1b Cross section (barn) H(n,n) 2H(n,n) 6Li(n,n) Energy (ev) resonance p > h/r (p 2 /2m n > 200 MeV) 16
17 Elastic neutron scattering Cross section (barn) H(n,n) 2H(n,n) 6Li(n,n) JENDL resonance Energy (ev) Energy (MeV) n + 6 Li Li The energy levels of 7 Li and two dissociated states n- 6 Li and 3 H- 4 He (t-α) H + 4 He 8 10 n + 6 Li 7 Li * n + 6 Li 17
18 Nuclear data libraries ENDF (Evaluated Nuclear Data File, USA) JENDL (Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library, Japan) JEFF (Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion file, Europe) CENDL (Chinese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library, China) ROSFOND (Russia) BROND (Russia) 18
19 Inelastic scattering Introduction to Nuclear Engineering (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Neutron capture neutron binding energy = ca. 8 MeV activation exothermic reaction in most cases Highly excited states formed, which subsequently decay. Radiative capture A X(n,γ) A+1 X emits a gamma ray 113 Cd(n,γ) 114 Cd neutron shield Other neutron capture reactions 10 B(n,α) 7 Li, 3 He(n,p) 3 H, 6 Li(n,t) 4 He Applications: neutron detector, shield, neutron capture therapy for cancer 19
20 Inelastic scattering Introduction to Nuclear Engineering (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) neutron radiative capture No threshold exothermic, no Coulomb barrier 10 1 JENDL 10 0 Cross section (barn) H(n,gamma) 6Li(n,gamma) 2H(n,gamma) JENDL ENDF Energy (ev) E 1/2 1/v discrepancy between JENDL and ENDF 1/v law Energy-independent reaction rate v 20
21 Neutron capture reactions with large cross section 113 Cd(n,γ) 114 Cd : shield 157 Gd(n,γ) 158 Gd : neutron absorber in nuclear fuel, cancer therapy 10 B(n,α) 7 Li : detector, cancer therapy 3 He(n,p) 3 H : detector 6 Li(n,t) 4 He : shield, filter, detector 21
22 Inelastic scattering Introduction to Nuclear Engineering (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) 10 B(n,α) 7 Li Cross section (barn) /v law 10B(n,alpha)7Li JENDL Energy (ev) Applications BF3 proportional counter Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cancer 3 He(n,p) 3 H Helium-3 proportional counter 22
23 Photo-nuclear reaction Excitation and break-up (dissociation) through photo-absorption Analog of the photoelectric effect 2.5x H Pb 208Pb(gamma,n)207Pb Cross section (barn) H(gamma,n)1H Cross section (barn) Energy (MeV) threshold (2.22 MeV) = binding energy of 2 H Energy (MeV) giant resonance collective oscillation of protons in the nucleus
24 Energy (MeV) Cross section (barn) /v law (n,n) (n,t) Resonance (n,gamma) 6 Li JENDL resonance (n,p) Energy (ev) n + 6 Li Li H + 4 He 8 10 cross section (barn) elastic (x10) (n,γ) (/100) 10 elastic (n,fission) (/105) (n,γ) (/10 4 ) Many excited states for heavy nuclei complicated resonance structure 235 U 238 U Excited states of 239 U E (ev) 24
25 Resonance line shape (E) Resonance A (E E 0 ) 2 + ( /2) full width at half maximum (FWHM) long tail Doppler effect Lorentzian Life time = / Decay rate 1 = / = uncertainty principle E : natural width homogeneous width inhomogeneous width (E E 0 ) 2 exp E 2 25
26 Introduction Fundamentals to Nuclear in Nuclear Engineering Physics (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Nuclear decays 26
27 Decay rate, natural width probability to decay in an interval dt dp = dt = number of unstable nuclei dt decay rate mean life time N(t) =N(t = 0)e t/ half life t 1/2 = (ln 2) = Li (7.459 MeV) n 6 Li, 3 H 4 He τ = sec 76 Ge 76 Se 2e 2 e t 1/2 = yr > (age of universe)! An unstable particle has an energy uncertainty or natural width = = = MeV sec 27
28 Decay diagram half life branching ratio 28
29 alpha decay = 4 2He A ZX! A 4 Z 2 Y+ example 238 U! 234 Th + (4.2 MeV) half life = years 29
30 beta decay decay + decay A ZN A ZN A Z+1N +e A Z + e 1N +e + + e half life = 5730 years dating 30
31 Emitted electron (positron) energy has a broad distribution 64 Cu _ 64 + β Cu β p (MeV/c) p (MeV/c) β β β 31
32 beta decay decay + decay A ZN A ZN A Z+1N +e A Z + e 1N +e + + e half life = 5730 years dating The existence of the neutrino was predicted by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain how beta decay could conserve energy, momentum, and angular momentum. Pauli 32
33 33
34 Electron capture (EC) a) b) (A,Z) k l m c) (A,Z 1) (A,Z 1) l m νe 40 Ar 18 γ followed by characteristic x-ray emission Auger effect 40 K % MeV EC γ a radiation from the human body % MeV β 40 20Ca 0+ A ZN + e A Z 1N + e fundamental process: pe n e neutrino energy: E = M(A, Z)c 2 M(A, Z 1)c 2 atomic mass (not nuclear mass) 34
35 Gamma-ray emission (gamma decay) gamma decay A A+ gamma ray spontaneous emission unstable high-energy state (stable) low-energy state m A >m A m A m A m A momentum conservation p = E c energy conservation E + p2 2m A =(m A m A ) c 2 recoil energy (energy loss) E R = E2 2m A c 2 m A c 2 A MeV E R E E (m A m A ) c 2 but E R > in general Emitted gamma rays are not resonantly re-absorbed by other nuclei in gases 35
36 Internal conversion An excited nucleus can interact with an electron in one of the lower atomic orbitals, causing the electron to be emitted (ejected) from the atom. s-electrons have finite probability density at the nuclear position. s for a hydrogen atom 1s The electron may couple to the excited state of the nucleus and take the energy of the nuclear transition directly, without an intermediate gamma ray. probability density s 2p 3s interaction Energy of the conversion electron followed by characteristic x-ray emission Auger effect E ce (m A m A ) c 2 E b E E b r (atomic unit) binding energy of the electron 36
37 Mössbauer effect recoil energy (energy loss) Emitted gamma rays are not resonantly re-absorbed by other nuclei in gases. but... E R = Inverse transition (resonant re-absorption) possible when nuclear recoil is suppressed in a crystal ( very very large ma ) Mössbauer effect (discovered in 1957) the excited nucleus decays in flight with the Doppler effect compensating the nuclear recoil E2 2m A c 2 37
38 Mössbauer spectroscopy 191 Os Ir 191 Os source γ 191 Ir γ absorber detector γ v v v(cm/sec) % absorption E (µ ev)
39 Mössbauer effect + Doppler shift Test of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity Gravitational red shift of light Clocks run differently at different places in a gravitational field Gravitational shift h(f r f e )=mgh hf e = mc 2 f r =1+ gh f e c 2 Doppler shift s f r 1 v/c = f e 1+v/c 1 v = gh c v c = m/s gamma ray (14.4 kev) 57 Fe f e f r blue shift by falling H = 22.5 m 57 Fe v by Pound and Rebka, 1959 Jefferson laboratory (Harvard University) 39
Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics
018/ Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics Kenichi Ishikawa ( ) http://ishiken.free.fr/english/lecture.html ishiken@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1 Schedule Nuclear reactions 5/1 Nuclear decays and fundamental interactions
More informationFundamentals in Nuclear Physics
Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics Kenichi Ishikawa () http://ishiken.free.fr/english/lecture.html ishiken@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1 Nuclear decays and fundamental interactions 2 Four fundamental interactions interaction
More informationNuclear Reactions A Z. Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q > 0. Exothermic Endothermic
Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reactions A Z 4 P D+ He + Q A 4 Z 2 Q > 0 Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q = ( m + m m m ) c 2 x X Y y Q > 0 Q < 0 Exothermic Endothermic 2
More informationPhysics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface
Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface 2005 2006 Time: 60 minutes Total Value: 33 Marks Formulae and Constants v = f λ E = hf h f = E k + W 0 E = m c 2 p = h λ 1 A= A T 0 2 t 1 2 E k = ½ mv 2
More informationNeutron Interactions with Matter
Radioactivity - Radionuclides - Radiation 8 th Multi-Media Training Course with Nuclides.net (Institute Josžef Stefan, Ljubljana, 13th - 15th September 2006) Thursday, 14 th September 2006 Neutron Interactions
More informationMultiple Choice Questions
Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems PSI AP Physics B 1. The atomic nucleus consists of: (A) Electrons (B) Protons (C)Protons and electrons (D) Protons and neutrons (E) Neutrons and electrons
More informationNuclear Physics. (PHY-231) Dr C. M. Cormack. Nuclear Physics This Lecture
Nuclear Physics (PHY-31) Dr C. M. Cormack 11 Nuclear Physics This Lecture This Lecture We will discuss an important effect in nuclear spectroscopy The Mössbauer Effect and its applications in technology
More informationSlide 1 / 57. Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems
Slide 1 / 57 Nuclear Physics & Nuclear Reactions Practice Problems Slide 2 / 57 Multiple Choice Slide 3 / 57 1 The atomic nucleus consists of: A B C D E Electrons Protons Protons and electrons Protons
More informationNuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions
Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The
More informationChapter V: Interactions of neutrons with matter
Chapter V: Interactions of neutrons with matter 1 Content of the chapter Introduction Interaction processes Interaction cross sections Moderation and neutrons path For more details see «Physique des Réacteurs
More informationneutrons in the few kev to several MeV Neutrons are generated over a wide range of energies by a variety of different processes.
Neutrons 1932: Chadwick discovers the neutron 1935: Goldhaber discovers 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction 1936: Locher proposes boron neutron capture as a cancer therapy 1939: Nuclear fission in 235 U induced by
More informationMCRT L8: Neutron Transport
MCRT L8: Neutron Transport Recap fission, absorption, scattering, cross sections Fission products and secondary neutrons Slow and fast neutrons Energy spectrum of fission neutrons Nuclear reactor safety
More informationThe interaction of radiation with matter
Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven
More informationRadioactivity. Nuclear Physics. # neutrons vs# protons Where does the energy released in the nuclear 11/29/2010 A=N+Z. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity
Physics 1161: Lecture 25 Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Sections 32-1 32-9 Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel
More informationNuclides with excess neutrons need to convert a neutron to a proton to move closer to the line of stability.
Radioactive Decay Mechanisms (cont.) Beta (β) Decay: Radioactive decay process in which the charge of the nucleus is changed without any change in the number of nucleons. There are three types of beta
More informationMockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)
Chapter Nuclei Q1. A radioactive sample with a half life of 1 month has the label: Activity = 2 micro curies on 1 8 1991. What would be its activity two months earlier? [1988] 1.0 micro curie 0.5 micro
More informationNeutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321
Neutron Interactions Part I Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics rhowell@mdanderson.org Y2.5321 Why do we as Medical Physicists care about neutrons? Neutrons in Radiation Therapy Neutron Therapy
More informationNJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics
AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
More informationProperties of the nucleus. 8.2 Nuclear Physics. Isotopes. Stable Nuclei. Size of the nucleus. Size of the nucleus
Properties of the nucleus 8. Nuclear Physics Properties of nuclei Binding Energy Radioactive decay Natural radioactivity Consists of protons and neutrons Z = no. of protons (Atomic number) N = no. of neutrons
More informationAtoms and Nuclei 1. The radioactivity of a sample is X at a time t 1 and Y at a time t 2. If the mean life time of the specimen isτ, the number of atoms that have disintegrated in the time interval (t
More informationThursday, April 23, 15. Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics Some Properties of Nuclei! All nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons! Exception is ordinary hydrogen with just a proton! The atomic number, Z, equals the number of protons in the
More informationToday, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions.
Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. I first need to acknowledge that these two lectures were based on lectures presented previously in Med Phys I by Dr Howell. 1 Before
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Decay Reactions The most common form of nuclear decay reactions are the following:
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear reactions are transmutation of the one element into another. We can describe nuclear reactions in a similar manner as regular chemical reactions using ideas of stoichiometry,
More informationMore Energetics of Alpha Decay The energy released in decay, Q, is determined by the difference in mass of the parent nucleus and the decay products, which include the daughter nucleus and the particle.
More informationProperties of the nucleus. 9.1 Nuclear Physics. Isotopes. Stable Nuclei. Size of the nucleus. Size of the nucleus
Properties of the nucleus 9. Nuclear Physics Properties of nuclei Binding Energy Radioactive decay Natural radioactivity Consists of protons and neutrons Z = no. of protons (tomic number) N = no. of neutrons
More information6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions
6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions A nuclear reactor will not operate without neutrons. Neutrons induce the fission reaction, which produces the heat in CANDU reactors, and fission creates more neutrons.
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Physics
1/3 S.PÉRU The nucleus a complex system? What is the heaviest nucleus? How many nuclei do exist? What about the shapes of the nuclei? I) Some features about the nucleus discovery radius, shape binding
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Chapter 4 Atomic and nuclear physics INTRODUCTION: The technologies used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging have evolved over the last century, starting with Röntgen s discovery of X rays and Becquerel
More informationNice Try. Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics 20/08/2010. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity. SPH4UI Physics
SPH4UI Physics Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Nucleus Protons tom and neutrons Let s see what s inside! 3 Nice Try Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics
More informationNuclear Physics. Radioactivity. # protons = # neutrons. Strong Nuclear Force. Checkpoint 4/17/2013. A Z Nucleus = Protons+ Neutrons
Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Wilhelm Roentgen 1845-1923 Nuclear Physics A Z Nucleus =
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration
More informationChem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09
Chem 481 Lecture Material 1/23/09 Nature of Radioactive Decay Radiochemistry Nomenclature nuclide - This refers to a nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons. The composition of a nuclide
More informationChemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)
More informationNuclear Reactions. Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Reactions Result from transformations in the nucleus Involve protons and neutrons Often result in transmutation into more stable elements Participants: Energy Type Symbol(s) Charge Mass (g/particle)
More informationNuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life
Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.
More informationChapter 12: Nuclear Reaction
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear
More informationChapter 44. Nuclear Structure
Chapter 44 Nuclear Structure Milestones in the Development of Nuclear Physics 1896: the birth of nuclear physics Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds Rutherford showed the radiation
More informationFundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)
Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear
More informationLECTURE 6: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
LCTUR 6: INTRACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTR All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Interlude The concept of cross-section
More informationNeutron interactions and dosimetry. Eirik Malinen Einar Waldeland
Neutron interactions and dosimetry Eirik Malinen Einar Waldeland Topics 1. Neutron interactions 1. Scattering 2. Absorption 2. Neutron dosimetry 3. Applications The neutron Uncharged particle, mass close
More information= : K A
Atoms and Nuclei. State two limitations of JJ Thomson s model of atom. 2. Write the SI unit for activity of a radioactive substance. 3. What observations led JJ Thomson to conclusion that all atoms have
More informationChapter 10 - Nuclear Physics
The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one. -Albert Einstein David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton PHYS 214 Ernest
More informationNuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?
Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
More information22.54 Neutron Interactions and Applications (Spring 2004) Chapter 1 (2/3/04) Overview -- Interactions, Distributions, Cross Sections, Applications
.54 Neutron Interactions and Applications (Spring 004) Chapter 1 (/3/04) Overview -- Interactions, Distributions, Cross Sections, Applications There are many references in the vast literature on nuclear
More informationTHE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20
THE NUCLEUS: A CHEMIST S VIEW Chapter 20 "For a long time I have considered even the craziest ideas about [the] atom[ic] nucleus... and suddenly discovered the truth." [shell model of the nucleus]. Maria
More informationCHEM 312: Lecture 9 Part 1 Nuclear Reactions
CHEM 312: Lecture 9 Part 1 Nuclear Reactions Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 10; Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Chapter 4 Notation Energetics of Nuclear Reactions Reaction Types and Mechanisms
More informationNuclear Spin and Stability. PHY 3101 D. Acosta
Nuclear Spin and Stability PHY 3101 D. Acosta Nuclear Spin neutrons and protons have s = ½ (m s = ± ½) so they are fermions and obey the Pauli- Exclusion Principle The nuclear magneton is eh m µ e eh 1
More informationNuclear Reactions. Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Reactions Result from transformations in the nucleus Involve protons and neutrons Often result in transmutation into more stable elements Participants: Energy Type Symbol(s) Charge Mass (g/particle)
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Science
Introduction to Nuclear Science PIXIE-PAN Summer Science Program University of Notre Dame 2006 Tony Hyder, Professor of Physics Topics we will discuss Ground-state properties of the nucleus Radioactivity
More informationChapter from the Internet course SK180N Modern Physics
Nuclear physics 1 Chapter 10 Chapter from the Internet course SK180N Modern Physics Contents 10.4.1 Introduction to Nuclear Physics 10.4.2 Natural radioactivity 10.4.3 alpha-decay 10.4.4 beta-decay 10.4.5
More informationChapter 25: Radioactivity, Nuclear Processes, and Applications. What do we know about the nucleus? James Chadwick and the discovery of the neutron
Chapter 25: Radioactivity, Nuclear Processes, and Applications What do we know about the nucleus? Rutherford discovered Contains positively charged protons. Held together by the Nuclear Strong Force. The
More informationNuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.
1 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment
More informationFisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1
Fisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Atom Let s see what s inside! 5/14/2010 2 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding:
More informationα particles, β particles, and γ rays. Measurements of the energy of the nuclear
.101 Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 004) Lecture (1/1/04) Nuclear ecays References: W. E. Meyerhof, Elements of Nuclear Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), Chap 4. A nucleus in an excited state is unstable
More informationChapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Different types of radiation interact
More informationNuclear Physics. PHY232 Remco Zegers Room W109 cyclotron building.
Nuclear Physics PHY232 Remco Zegers zegers@nscl.msu.edu Room W109 cyclotron building http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~zegers/phy232.html Periodic table of elements We saw that the periodic table of elements can
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.
1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment
More informationB. Rouben McMaster University Course EP 4D03/6D03 Nuclear Reactor Analysis (Reactor Physics) 2015 Sept.-Dec.
2: Fission and Other Neutron Reactions B. Rouben McMaster University Course EP 4D03/6D03 Nuclear Reactor Analysis (Reactor Physics) 2015 Sept.-Dec. 2015 September 1 Contents Concepts: Fission and other
More informationChapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.
More informationCross-Sections for Neutron Reactions
22.05 Reactor Physics Part Four Cross-Sections for Neutron Reactions 1. Interactions: Cross-sections deal with the measurement of interactions between moving particles and the material through which they
More informationNuclear Fission Fission discovered by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman, Lisa Meitner in 1938
Fission Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 11; Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Chapter 3 General Overview of Fission Energetics The Probability of Fission Fission Product Distributions Total Kinetic
More informationNuclear Fission. 1/v Fast neutrons. U thermal cross sections σ fission 584 b. σ scattering 9 b. σ radiative capture 97 b.
Nuclear Fission 1/v Fast neutrons should be moderated. 235 U thermal cross sections σ fission 584 b. σ scattering 9 b. σ radiative capture 97 b. Fission Barriers 1 Nuclear Fission Q for 235 U + n 236 U
More informationNeutron Sources and Reactions
22.05 Reactor Physics Part Two Neutron Sources and Reactions 1. Neutron Sources: The title of this course is Reactor Physics which implies that the neutron source of interest is nuclear fission. However,
More informationMasses and binding energies
Masses and binding energies Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 January 10, 2011 NUCS 342 (Lecture 1) January 10, 2011 1 / 23 Outline 1 Notation NUCS 342 (Lecture
More informationNuclear Physics (13 th lecture)
uclear Physics ( th lecture) Cross sections of special neutron-induced reactions UCLR FISSIO Mechanism and characteristics of nuclear fission. o The fission process o Mass distribution of the fragments
More informationChapter 29. Nuclear Physics
Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 Discovery that atoms could be broken apart Studied radioactivity Nobel prize in 1908 Some Properties of Nuclei All nuclei are composed of protons
More informationSECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may
More informationα particles, β particles, and γ rays. Measurements of the energy of the nuclear
.101 Applied Nuclear Physics (Fall 006) Lecture (1/4/06) Nuclear Decays References: W. E. Meyerhof, Elements of Nuclear Physics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967), Chap 4. A nucleus in an excited state is unstable
More informationNuclear Physics 2. D. atomic energy levels. (1) D. scattered back along the original direction. (1)
Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 2. Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of B? 5 Number of protons Number of neutrons A. 5 6 B. 5 C. 6 5 D. 5 2. The
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Terminology
Nuclear Chemistry Up to now, we have been concerned mainly with the electrons in the elements the nucleus has just been a positively charged things that attracts electrons The nucleus may also undergo
More informationUnits and Definition
RADIATION SOURCES Units and Definition Activity (Radioactivity) Definition Activity: Rate of decay (transformation or disintegration) is described by its activity Activity = number of atoms that decay
More informationAlpha Decay. Decay alpha particles are monoenergetic. Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against alpha decay. E α = Q (1-4/A)
Alpha Decay Because the binding energy of the alpha particle is so large (28.3 MeV), it is often energetically favorable for a heavy nucleus to emit an alpha particle Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against
More informationABC Math Student Copy
Page 1 of 17 Physics Week 16(Sem. ) Name The Nuclear Chapter Summary Nuclear Structure Atoms consist of electrons in orbit about a central nucleus. The electron orbits are quantum mechanical in nature.
More informationPhys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom
More informationNuclear Reactions and Astrophysics: a (Mostly) Qualitative Introduction
Nuclear Reactions and Astrophysics: a (Mostly) Qualitative Introduction Barry Davids, TRIUMF Key Concepts Lecture 2013 Introduction To observe the nucleus, we must use radiation with a (de Broglie) wavelength
More informationCHEM 312 Lecture 7: Fission
CHEM 312 Lecture 7: Fission Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 11; Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Chapter 3 General Overview of Fission Energetics The Probability of Fission Fission Product Distributions
More information1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA PLUS DECAY 1.5 NEUTRON EMISSION 1.6 SPONTANEOUS FISSION
Chapter NP-3 Nuclear Physics Decay Modes and Decay Rates TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA
More informationAPEX CARE INSTITUTE FOR PG - TRB, SLET AND NET IN PHYSICS
Page 1 1. Within the nucleus, the charge distribution A) Is constant, but falls to zero sharply at the nuclear radius B) Increases linearly from the centre, but falls off exponentially at the surface C)
More informationChapter 42. Nuclear Physics
Chapter 42 Nuclear Physics In the previous chapters we have looked at the quantum behavior of electrons in various potentials (quantum wells, atoms, etc) but have neglected what happens at the center of
More informationQuantum Mechanics. Exam 3. Photon(or electron) interference? Photoelectric effect summary. Using Quantum Mechanics. Wavelengths of massive objects
Exam 3 Hour Exam 3: Wednesday, November 29th In-class, Quantum Physics and Nuclear Physics Twenty multiple-choice questions Will cover:chapters 13, 14, 15 and 16 Lecture material You should bring 1 page
More informationPHYSICS CET-2014 MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NUCLEAR PHYSICS
PHYSICS CET-2014 MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NUCLEAR PHYSICS IMPORTANT FORMULE TO BE REMEMBERED IMPORTANT FORMULE TO BE REMEMBERED 1. Identify the correct statement with regards to nuclear density a) It
More informationIntroduction to Radiological Sciences Neutron Detectors. Theory of operation. Types of detectors Source calibration Survey for Dose
Introduction to Radiological Sciences Neutron Detectors Neutron counting Theory of operation Slow neutrons Fast neutrons Types of detectors Source calibration Survey for Dose 2 Neutrons, what are they?
More informationCHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Background Charged Particles Heavy charged particles Charged particles with Mass > m e α, proton, deuteron, heavy ion (e.g., C +, Fe + ), fission fragment, muon, etc. α is
More informationIII. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation
1 III. Energy Deposition in the Detector and Spectrum Formation a) charged particles Bethe-Bloch formula de 4πq 4 z2 e 2m v = NZ ( ) dx m v ln ln 1 0 2 β β I 0 2 2 2 z, v: atomic number and velocity of
More informationEEE4101F / EEE4103F Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4101F / EEE4103F Radiation Interactions & Detection 1. Interaction of Radiation with Matter Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za March
More informationNuclear Decays. Alpha Decay
Nuclear Decays The first evidence of radioactivity was a photographic plate, wrapped in black paper and placed under a piece of uranium salt by Henri Becquerel on February 26, 1896. Like many events in
More informationLecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections 1-2 Nuclear Stability and Decay. Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics
Lecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections -2 Nuclear Stability and Decay Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics Nuclear Chemistry Nuclei Review Nucleons: protons and neutrons Atomic number number
More informationChapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Section 1 The Nucleus Lesson Starter Nuclear reactions result in much larger energy
More informationName Date Class NUCLEAR RADIATION. alpha particle beta particle gamma ray
25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION Section Review Objectives Explain how an unstable nucleus releases energy Describe the three main types of nuclear radiation Vocabulary radioisotopes radioactivity radiation alpha
More informationEmphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)
LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens
More informationRadiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis WILLIAM D. EHMANN Professor, Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky DIANE E. VANCE Staff Development Scientist Analytical Services
More informationNuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: Neutrons and protons are collectively
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. Describe briefly one scattering experiment to investigate the size of the nucleus of the atom. Include a description of the properties of the incident radiation which makes
More informationSelected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007
Selected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007 Lecture 11 1.) Determination of parameters of the SEMF 2.) α decay 3.) Nuclear energy levels
More informationRADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy
RADIOACTIVITY: spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of certain atoms accompanied by the emission (release) of particles and/or energy ~ TRANSMUTATION: the change of one element into another due to
More informationRb, which had been compressed to a density of 1013
Modern Physics Study Questions for the Spring 2018 Departmental Exam December 3, 2017 1. An electron is initially at rest in a uniform electric field E in the negative y direction and a uniform magnetic
More informationNicholas J. Giordano. Chapter 30. Nuclear Physics. Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College Atomic Nuclei Rutherford s discovery of the atomic nucleus caused scientists
More informationPhysics 107 Final Exam December 13, Your Name: Questions
Physics 107 Final Exam December 13, 1993 Your Name: Questions 1. 11. 21. 31. 41. 2. 12. 22. 32. 42. 3. 13. 23. 33. 43. 4. 14. 24. 34. 44. 5. 15. 25. 35. 45. 6. 16. 26. 36. 46. 7. 17. 27. 37. 47. 8. 18.
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-302 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 13 - Gamma Radiation Material For This Lecture Gamma decay: Definition Quantum interpretation Uses of gamma spectroscopy 2 Turn to γ decay
More informationPhotonuclear Reaction Cross Sections for Gallium Isotopes. Serkan Akkoyun 1, Tuncay Bayram 2
Photonuclear Reaction Cross Sections for Gallium Isotopes Serkan Akkoyun 1, Tuncay Bayram 2 1 Cumhuriyet University, Vocational School of Healt, Sivas, Turkey 2 Sinop University, Department of Physics,
More information