Plant Growth Regulators: What Agronomists Need to Know
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1 Plant Growth Regulators: What Agronomists Need to Know Agronomy Update January 20, 2015 Sheri Strydhorst, PhD Research Scientist Agronomy Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development
2 Why should you care? Why is western Canadian ag excited?
3 Cost to agriculture Lodging can reduce yields from 7-35% Greatest yield reductions occur when lodging happens within 20 days after anthesis Yield Loss Bushels Lost Lost income Farm loss 7% 6 bu/acre $19.74/acre $11,844 15% 13 bu/acre $42.77/acre $25,662 35% 30 bu/acre $98.70/acre $59,220 Assumes an 85 bushel/acre crop; Wheat price of $3.29/bushel (Sept 29, 2014 YEG); Farm size of 1500 acres, 40% of acres in wheat (600 acres). Lodging during ripening can increase grain sprouting, decreasing grade Fischer and Stapper (1987). Lodging effects on high-yielding crops of irrigated semidwarf wheat. Field Crops Res 17:
4 The primary goal of PGRs is to A. Increase Yields B. Reduce Lodging and Improve Harvestability C. Increase Tillering D. Aid in Residue Management E. B and D
5 Plant Growth Regulator Use in the UK Crop % receiving PGR Apps/year winter wheat winter barley winter oats % of PGR applications contain chlormequat Department for the Environment Food and Rural Affairs, London Slide Source: Phil Bernardin, Technical Representative, ENGAGE Agro
6 What are PGRs? Plant Growth Regulators Synthetic compounds that impact hormonal activity to beneficially modify plant growth and development Effective at low concentrations & break-down rapidly Many economically important PGRs work by reducing cell elongation and lowering the rate of cell division
7 How do they work? They alter natural plant hormonal activity: Gibberellins Stimulate longitudinal growth Auxins 1 o stimulate cell elongation & shoot growth Ethylene Synthesized in response to stress and ripening Cytokinins Stimulate cell division Abscisic Acid Regulates germination, protein stores in developing seeds and stomatal closure during water stress Brassinosteroids Broad spectrum of simulative and protective activities
8 2 Main PGR Groups: Ethylene releasing compounds i.e. Ethephon (also blocks auxin transport) ethylene Inhibitors of GA biosynthesis i.e. Chlormequat-Chloride & Trinexapac-Ethyl
9 PGRs alter GA but may also Increase cytokinins Lower ethylene levels Increase ABA Possibly causing Delayed senesence Increased resistance to environmental stress Shifting assimilates to the roots leading to increased cytokinin formation These effects are NOT achieved by all PGRs in all plant species Rademacher, Growth retardants: Effects on gibberellin biosynthesis and other metabolic pathways. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51:
10 Comparison of Standard PGR Products used in the UK Mode of action Standard chlormequat Inhibits early stages of gibberellin biosynthesis Trinexapac ethyl Inhibits late stages of gibberellin biosynthesis Minimum temperature 8 0 C 10 0 C Onset of action slow fast Residual activity long short Source: Wilhelm Rademacher - Control of Lodging in Intense European Cereal Production Slide Source: Phil Bernardin, Technical Representative, ENGAGE Agro
11 PGRs on the Prairies In western Canada: Chlormequat chloride (ENGAGE AGRO) was registered for wheat this summer Trinexapac-ethyl is in the process of registration for wheat Ethephon (Ethrel), by Bayer CropScience, is not actively promoted for use in Western Canadian Cereal production
12 Staging is critical
13 When to apply GA inhibitors? GS (June 16) BBCH 30 Beginning of stem elongation: pseudostem and tillers erect, first internode begins to elongate, top of inflorescence at least 1cm above tillering node. BBCH 31 First node at least 1cm above tillering node Lancashire, P.D., Bleiholder, H., Van Den Boom, T., Langeluddeke, P., Strauss, R. Weber, E., and Witzenberger, A A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds. Ann. Appl. Biol. 119:
14 BBCH 37 Flag leaf just visible, still rolled BBCH 39 Flag leaf fully unrolled, ligule just visible BBCH 45 Late boot, flag leaf sheath swollen BBCH 49 First awns visible When to apply Ethephon? GS Main Stem 7 th 8 th - Flag 6 th 2 nd tiller 1 st tiller 4 th 5 th 3 rd 3 rd tiller 1 st 2 nd Field View Individual Plant Tillers Separated Main Stem View Canopy closure cm tall
15 How do PGRs change plant physiology? Reduced stem length Uppermost internodes and peduncle are shortened (Berry et al 2000) Inconsistent reports of PGRs altering stem diameter Even if tillers are not exposed to the PGR, the elongation retarding effect can be observed on the tiller (Peltonen-Sainio et al 2003). pnews/2002/01/growth-anddevelopment-guide-f-1.html Internode length tends to be reduced with PGR use. Rather than a reduction in the number of internodes.
16 Undesirable PGR results Shoot elongation!! (Clark and Fedak, 1977) Why? Increased GA precursors result from CCC application. CCC breaks down and GA synthesis resumes, excess precursors result in elevated GA levels Not observed with trinexapac-ethyl Only short term height reduction (Rajala and Peltonen-Sainio, 2002) Unproductive tillers
17 Increased tillering? Increased photoassimiliate availability PGR induced changes in hormonal patterns
18 Environmental conditions to avoid with PGRs
19 Is yield impacted? flaman.com/agriculture/images/products/twister%20flat%20bottom-small.jpg
20 What has the research found? PGR use in Wheat Main Shoot Growth # of Tillers Root Weight Yield vs. control in outdoor pot trials Ethephon Reduced Increased No effect No effect Chlormequat Chloride Reduced No effect Decreased No effect Trinexapac-Ethyl Reduced Increased No effect No effect Pot experiment conducted in Helsinki, Findland. Greenhouse and outdoor trials Rajala and Peltonen-Sainio, Plant growth regulator effects on spring cereal root and shoot growth. Agron. J. 93:
21 Wheat Yield (bu/ac adjusted to 14.5% moisture) Wheat Stacked Yield Response to PGR at High to Adequate Moisture Environments 92 a 90 a 98 b 60 A 59 A 65 B 109 a 109 a 115 b Control CCC PGR B Control CCC PGR B Control CCC PGR B Lethbridge High River Killam 26/01/2015
22 LSMeans of Wheat Yield (bu/ac adjusted to 14.5% moisture) Wheat Stacked Yield Response to PGR at Dry Environments 92 b 86 a 91 b 71 B 65 A 71 B Control CCC PGR B Control CCC PGR B Bon Accord Falher 26/01/2015
23 1.4% Yield Increase 26/01/2015
24 Do all species and cultivars respond the same?
25 Ontario study with CCC found Wheat was the most responsive Barley intermediate response Oats were the least responsive 11.6% 8.8% 29.8% Clark and Fedak, Effects of chlormequat on plant height, disease development and chemical constituents of cultivars of barley, oats and wheat. CJPS 57:31-36.
26 Comparison of 53 ON barley varieties 33 varieties showed some height reduction 10 of the 15 barley varieties with an esterase- isozyme were in this group Most 2 row barley cultivars were in this group 5 varieties had no response 15 varieties were taller Clark and Fedak, Effects of chlormequat on plant height, disease development and chemical constituents of cultivars of barley, oats and wheat. CJPS 57:31-36.
27 What has the research found? PGR use in soft red winter wheat # of Tillers Lodging Yield vs. control Ethephon No effect Reduced lodging Chlormequat Chloride No effect Similar to control or reduced Similar or slight decrease Increased in 1 of 4 cv s Field experiments conducted at Lafayette, Indiana Lodging was not a serious problem in either year of the study and was more impacted by cultivar than PGR Knapp and Harms, Nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulator effects on yield and quality of four wheat cultivars. J. Prod. Agric. 1:94-98.
28 Economics
29 Manipulator - Cost? Crop Rate Cost Farm Cost* Wheat 0.70 L/acre $13.84/acre $8,304 Barley 0.93 L/acre $18.39/acre $2,759 *Farm size of 1500 acres, 40% of acres in wheat (600 acres); 10% of acres in barley (150 acres). Manipulator - Returns? Crop Price (Sept 29/14 YEG) Additional Yield Required to Breakeven Feed Wheat $3.29/bushel 4.2 bushels/ac Barley $2.74/bushel 6.7 bushels/ac Faster harvest speeds, more harvestable yield, RISK MANAGEMENT TOOL
30 What do we still need to learn?
31 Unanswered questions Why do some varieties respond and others do not? Would we see more benefit with tank mixing chlormequat chloride and trinexepac ethyl? Do we have the correct growth stage? Are dual applications useful? How do environmental conditions impact performance? Does seeding rate matter?
32 Summary
33 PROs PGRs produce shorter (2-15cm), thicker, and stronger stems which reduce lodging The primary use of these PGRs is as a harvest management aid Risk management tool
34 CONs Application timing is critical Stage carefully and accurately to avoid: increased tillering reduction in grain yields Weather conditions may have a negative impact on performance Cultivars respond differently or not at all
35 Thank You for Your Time! Questions?
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