Geotechnical Parameters for Retaining Wall Design
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1 11 th October 2012 Geotechnical Parameters for Retaining Wall Design Tanya Kouzmin 1
2 Most geotechnical failures are of retaining walls Are failure caused by WRONG calculations? Not usually calculation methods are given in every textbook. The main contributions are WRONG geotechnical parameters and WATER 2
3 Limit State Design AS Earth Retaining Structures Has been with us for 10 years!! 3
4 Retaining Walls 4
5 Gravity Wall Failure Mechanisms Must ALL be checked for drained and undrained conditions 5
6 Getting Started Do we use drained or undrained analysis? oundrained (clays only): C u and K a = K p = 1 odrained (all soils) : K a, K o K p based on effective soil friction angle (and effective cohesion) Which is more conservative? Why would we use it? 6
7 Getting Started All retaining walls must work for both drained and undrained conditions of the surrounding soil!!!!! Undrained (short term) generally not problematic because clay can stand on it s own Unsupported height = 2C u /γ Drained generally more critical for clays Q: But we always design for sand, or φ= 30 0! A: How much sand is there in Melbourne? 7
8 What affects the earth pressure parameters? SOIL FRICTION ANGLE GEOMETRY Back slope and Front slope Surcharge Failure Surface Wall Angle WALL FRICTION FORMULA USED 8
9 Friction angle of cohesive materials It all starts with Friction Angle -When is φ NOT 30 0? 9
10 Soil SANDS CLAYS Typical Range of Friction Angle Friction Angle o Loose o Medium o Dense (For Silty Sand reduce the above by 3 0 ) SC (Tertiary) CL to CI (Tertiary /Devonian Clays CI-CH (Silurian) CH (Basaltic) Residual Friction Angle
11 Friction Angle vs SPT 11
12 Relative Density vs SPT 12
13 Relative Density vs DCP and PSP 13
14 Ultimate Limit States ALL Soils Q: What causes the ultimate limit states? A: Movement of the wall 14
15 Slip Lines 15
16 Required Horizontal Movement 16
17 Wall Movements 17
18 Wall Movements 18
19 Wall Movements 19
20 At Rest Coefficient K 0 K o = 1-sin φ for no back-slope K o = (1-sin φ) x (1+β) for back slope β The above values apply only for normally consolidated soil. For over-consolidated soil (residual soil or compacted fill) K o, oc = (1 -sin φ')ocr
21 At Rest Coefficient K 0 of Clays 21
22 Download This 22
23 Rankine Earth Pressure Coefficients 23
24 Rankine Active Earth Pressure Coefficient Rankinetheory is based on a limit equilibrium state in the soil. It does not apply when backfill slope is >φ/2 wall is restrained at top 24
25 Rankine Bell Active Earth Pressure that includes effective cohesion c 25
26 Coulomb Earth Pressure Coefficients 26
27 Coulomb Active Earth Pressure Coefficient Coulomb theory considers shear stresses along the edges of the failure wedge. A value for wall friction must be given. 27
28 Passive Earth Pressure Coefficients Rankinetheory usually under-estimatespassive earth pressure because the direction of the thrust is incorrectly assumed in the theory Coulomb theory significantly over-estimatesthe passive earth pressure the error is due to the assumption of a planar surface, and increases rapidly with increasing value of wall friction δ. 28
29 Comparing K a and K p values 29
30 Comparing P a values 30
31 Coulomb Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient 31
32 Sokolovski Passive Pressure Coefficients 32
33 Sokolovski Passive Pressure Coefficients 33
34 Typical Values for vertical wall and horizontal backslope 34
35 Slope Geometry AGS Journal Dec
36 Braced excavations in Sand 36
37 Braced excavations in Clay Short term 37
38 Braced excavations in Clay Long Term 38
39 Wall Friction δ 39
40 Failure Surface 40
41 Trial Wedge 41
42 Trial Wedge 42
43 Trial Wedge 43
44 Trial Wedge 44
45 Terraced walls get the spacing right Where is the critical failure surface? 45
46 Gravity Wall Failures 46
47 Gravity Wall Failures 47
48 Compaction Stresses 48
49 Permeability of Backfill Material 49
50 Permeability of Backfill Material 50
51 Expansive Clay Behind From Robert Lytton s presentation 51
52 Expansive Clay Behind From Robert Lytton s presentation 52
53 Expansive Clay Behind From Robert Lytton s presentation 53
54 Expansive Clay Behind From Robert Lytton s presentation 54
55 55
56 Post and Waler cantilever Walls with backfill 56
57 The End thank you for your attention Tanya Kouzmin 57
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