TUFTS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ES 152 ENGINEERING SYSTEMS Spring Lesson 14. Queue System Theory
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1 TUFTS UNIVERSITY DEARTMENT OF CIVI AND ENVIRONMENTA ENGINEERING ES 52 ENGINEERING SYSTEMS Sprig 2 esso 4 Queue System Theory There exists a cosiderable body of theoretical aalysis of ueues. (Chapter 7 i Hillier ad iebma will give you a small idea.) We will look at a little part of it. The theory we look at deals with steady state ueues ad is based o the birth ad death model. The uestio as to whether a ueue is i steady state is a iterestig issue i its ow right. Some Basic Terms ad arameters: () State of system - umber of customers i the ueuig system (waitig plus beig served). (2) Queue legth - umber of customers waitig. (3) N(t) state at time (iterval) t (4) (t) probability that N(t) (5) s umber of parallel service chaels (6) - mea arrival rate whe N(t) (7) mea service rate whe N(t) (8) /s utilizatio factor (expected fractio of time the servers are busy) Steady State iitial coditios o loger affect the system. (The steady state statistics are relevat.) Statioarity (t) Queue Measures () expected (average) umber of customers i ueuig system (2) expected ueue legth (3) W expected waitig time i ueue system (4) W expected waitig time i the ueue (excludes service time) Additioal measures of iterest are probability that waitig time or ueue legth exceeds certai values, maximum ueue size, etc. Basic Steady-State Relatioships: Whe ad / mea iterarrival time es52 esso 4
2 / mea service time W W W W + / Therefore, W + / + /. Birth ad Death Model: We wo t go ito the details of derivig the results here, but rather just ote the relevat results. (You are ecouraged to look the derivatio up yourselves i Hillier ad ieberma.) Assumig births (arrivals) ad deaths (departures) are expoetially distributed ad statioary with mea rates ad, the (t) where k k C k k with C. Sice ( C ). C, Note the that C C ad. Applicatio of Birth ad Death Model to Queues: ( C ) s ( s) es52 esso 4 2
3 E( ) - the average arrival rate W W Whe is it possible for system to reach a steady state? Some sufficiet coditios: (a) Fiite Queue: for some value of. (b) /s < The M/M/ Queue: This is the simplest ueue. It assumes expoetial arrival ad service times ad a sigle server. If we assume arrival ad service rates are idepedet of the system state the ad. First we will represet the ueue by a type weighted digraph kow as a rate diagram, - Arrival Rate Service Rate M/M/ Rate Diagram C ( ) C es52 esso 4 3
4 ( ) if < ( - ) Queue Measures: ( ) (Note the rapid icrease as ) 2 2 ( ) W W ( ) robability that the ueue cotais k or more customers is [ k] k k. Example: Store 24/7/52 is maed by oe clerk. It has determied that the average iterarrival time is 8 miutes ad the average service time is 8 miutes. (Both are expoetially distributed.). Determie W based o the theory. 2. Simulate customers ad determie W. 3. Compare theory ad simulatio for average service time 7 ad 7.9. Sub es52_esso_4() Dim arrival(), begi(), edd() Rage("c2").Select es52 esso 4 4
5 umcusts ActiveCell.Value ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select iterarrivalmea ActiveCell.Value ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select servicemea ActiveCell.Value Rage("b7").Select eds iterarrivalsum servicesum waitsum For customer To umcusts iterarrival (- * iterarrivalmea) * og( - Rd()) service (- * servicemea) * og( - Rd()) If customer > The iterarrivalsum iterarrivalsum + iterarrival servicesum servicesum + service Ed If If customer The arrival(customer) iterarrival begi(customer) arrival(customer) edd(customer) begi(customer) + service Else arrival(customer) arrival(customer - ) + iterarrival If arrival(customer) > edd(customer - ) The begi(customer) arrival(customer) Else begi(customer) edd(customer - ) Ed If edd(customer) begi(customer) + service Ed If wait begi(customer) - arrival(customer) If customer > The waitsum waitsum + wait Ed If If customer > umcusts - 4 The ActiveCell.Value customer ActiveCell.Offset(, 2).Select ActiveCell.Value arrival(customer) ActiveCell.Offset(, 2).Select ActiveCell.Value begi(customer) ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select ActiveCell.Value edd(customer) ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select ActiveCell.Value wait ActiveCell.Offset(, -6).Select Ed If Next customer Rage("d48").Select ActiveCell.Value iterarrivalsum / (umcusts - ) ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select ActiveCell.Value servicesum / (umcusts - ) ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select ActiveCell.Value waitsum / (umcusts - ) ActiveCell.Offset(, ).Select es52 esso 4 5
6 Ed Sub es52 esso 4 6
7 es52 esso 4 7
8 es52 esso 4 8
9 M/M/s Queue: What if we have multiple service chaels? The rate diagram for s servers is: - Arrival Rate Service Rate per Chael 2 3 (s-) s s s 2 s- s s+ s s M/M/s Rate Diagram The resultig formulas are: sµ ( µ ) C! ( µ ) s s! s s > s s ( µ )! s ( µ ) + s!( ) C ( µ )!( ) s s 2 Thigs oly get worse (a lot worse) for more complex models. es52 esso 4 9
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