Geochemical and mineralogical technics to investigate the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. 07/11/2017 GEO-DEEP 9300 Claire Aupart
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1 Geochemical and mineralogical technics to investigate the lithosphere and the asthenosphere 07/11/2017 GEO-DEEP 9300 Claire Aupart
2 Introduction
3 Introduction
4 Getting samples Cores: Maximum depth reach in continental lithosphere: Kola Superdeep Borehole m (mantle depth: 35 km) In oceanic lithosphere: around 2 kilometers (mantle depth: 6 km) Ridges (dredge material): Exposed mantle at slow and very slow ridges Maffione et al., 2013 OIDP science plan Hole 1256D, Eastern equatorial Pacific ocean
5 Time Getting samples Ophiolites: Pieces of oceanic lithosphere on continents Sutures in mountain chains Modified after Coleman, 1977 The largest: Oman ophiolite Picture: F. Boudier A. Nicolas, Les montagnes sous la mer, 1990 Jousselin et al., 1998
6 Xenoliths (Upper mantle, 200 km): Samples brought to the surface by volcanoes Getting samples Picture: M. Lallement Diamonds (Upper and lower mantle): In xenoliths or as xenocrysts in lava Only in Kimberlites, associated to thick old crust (cratons) Stachel et al., 2005 Picture: E. Thomassot
7 Getting samples Meteorites: Differentiated meteorites Accretion: accumulation of particles by gravitation Differentiation: migration of constituting elements of planetesimals according to their density Heating ( 26 Al radioactivity) d Peridotite equivalents: Ureilites Undifferentiated meteorites: chondrites (solar system global composition) NWA 4231 Meteorite 1 cm
8 Experiments: Determine thermodynamics constants, establishing phase diagrams Reproduce observations from natural samples Deformation experiments (rheological properties) Getting samples Piston cylinder apparatus: 4 GPa-1600 C Samples size: cm 3 Diamond Anvil Cell: Earth center conditions Scheme: E. Bali; Picture: ETH, Zürich, Switzerland Multi-anvil press: 26 GPa-2000 C Samples size: 10-5 mm 3 Samples size: up to 1cm 3 Scheme and picture: S. Merkel, Université de Lille, France Picture: Laboratoire Magma et Volcans (LMV), Clermont- Ferrand, France; Scheme: ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
9 Rocks mineralogy and bulk composition Classification Lherzolite: Ol, Opx, Cpx Harzburgite: Ol, Opx Dunite: Ol (Ringwoodite) 30 GPa ~ 1000 km Bulk composition permits to calculate phase diagram Comparison with mineralogy gives P-T constraints Fei and Bertka, 1999 Winter, 2001
10 Rocks chemistry Bulk rock or individual phases Major elements: main constituents of the minerals (Si, Mg, Fe, Ca, etc.) Trace elements: punctually replace major elements in crystallographic structure (< 0.01 wt%) Zonations in zircons Cocherie et Robert, 2012 Partial melting Residual rock Compatible elements Melt Elements fractionation: Compatible and incompatible elements Incompatible elements -- ++
11 Rocks chemistry: Olivine composition Olivine is a solid-solution : solide state mixture of several end members which proportions can vary Initial olivine composition Liquid extract after being formed Olivine becomes more Mg rich Liquid composition Olivine composition Depleted olivine are Mg rich
12 Rocks chemistry: Magmatic processes Trace element spectra Signature Influenced by melting processes, fluid circulation, mineral crystallization, etc. Main group of trace elements: Rare Earth Elements (REE) More incompatible Huot and Maury, 2002
13 Rocks chemistry: Partial melting of the mantle Peridotite composition: 70% Olivine 20% Clinopyroxene 10% Plagioclase First melt Dissolution of plagioclase
14 Rocks chemistry: Partial melting of the mantle 1890 Dissolution of Clinopyroxene 1387 Fo
15 Case of inclusions Inclusions trapped during minerals crystallization Minerals Parent melt Fluids Conditions of crystallization (P-T-fluid?) Vitreous inclusions Inclusions in diamonds: protection form reequilibration and alteration Insigths in very deep earth Lithospheric garnet Picture: E. Thomassot Ringwoodite inclusion containing water Pearson et al., 2014 Ferropericlase from lower mantle Picture: E. Thomassot
16 Elements are defined by their number of protons The number of neutrons can vary same atoms with different masses : isotopes Isotopy: Introduction 1 1 H Hydrogen 1 (Protium) 1 2 H Hydrogen 2 (Deuterium) 1 3 H Hydrogen 3 (Tritium) Not all isotopes are stable: radiogenic isotopes Parent γ Daughter + or or Helium (α) Electron (β-) Positon (β+)
17 Datation Radioactive decay Parent: Daugther: P t = P 0 e λt D t = D 0 + P 0 (1 e λt ) λ: Decay constant Half-life: Time after which half of the parent atoms population has decayed Parent Daugther Decay constant (y -1 ) Half-life (y) 238 U 206 Pb * * U 207 Pb * * Th 208 Pb 4.948* * Pb 206 Pb 204 Pb 206 Pb 204 Pb 0 = 238 U 204 Pb eλ 238t Pb 207 Pb 204 Pb 207 Pb 204 Pb 0 = 208 Pb 204 Pb 208 Pb 204 Pb 0 = 235 U 204 Pb eλ 235t Th 204 Pb eλ 232t Pb 204 Pb 0 e λ 238t U 204 Pb
18 Datation: Pb-Pb Combination of the chronometers 207 Pb 204 Pb 207 Pb 204 Pb Pb 206 = 204 Pb Pb 204 Pb U 238 U eλ235t e λ238t 1 = Pb 206 Pb 235 U 238 U = Concordia show values for which chronometers give same ages Age of crystallization Age of perturbation
19 Isotopy: Heavy elements Radioactive couples with different affinities to melt Example: 87 Rb 87 Sr Parent incompatible Daugther compatible Residual rock Partial melting Melt 87 Sr Sr = Sr 87 init Rb 86 + Sr 86 init Sr eλt 1 Compatible elements Incompatible elements Sr log( 86 Sr ) Partial melting Melt (crust) (primitive mantle) Residual rock (depleted mantle) Normalisation with stable isotope (ratios are easier to measure) Isotope ratios of heavy elements are conserved during partial melting Different isotopic signatures Time
20 Isotopy: Heavy elements Radioactive couples with different affinities to melt Example: 147 Sm 143 Nd Parent compatible Daugther incompatible Residual rock Partial melting Melt 143 Nd Nd = Nd 147 init Sm Nd 144 init Nd eλt 1 Compatible elements Incompatible elements Sr log( 86 Sr ) Partial melting Residual rock (depleted mantle) (primitive mantle) Melt (crust) Normalisation with stable isotope (ratios are easier to measure) Isotope ratios of heavy elements are conserved during partial melting Different isotopic signatures Time
21 Isotopy: Heavy elements Main couples: 87 Rb 87 Sr 147 Sm 143 Nd 238 U 206 Pb 235 U 207 Pb 232 Th 208 Pb Stable isotope 86 Sr 144 Nd 204 Pb 204 Pb 204 Pb Combination of couples : source tracing (DMM, PM, HIMU, EMI and EMII) DM: Depleted Mantle EM: Enriched Mantle (type I and II), recycling Doroozi et al., 2015
22 Isotopy: Light elements Fractionation of light isotopes during changes of state Stable isotopes Depends strongly on temperature: thermometry Source tracers δ 18 O = ( 18 O/ 16 O 18 O/ 16 O SMOW - 1)*1000 SMOW: Standard Mean Ocean Water 18 O/ 16 O mineral 1 α = 18 O/ 16 O mineral 2 Eiler et al., 1997 White, 2001
23 Summary A lot more technics Combinations Chronology P-T-fluid Magmatic processes Etc. Give an history to rocks and to earth
24 Thank you!
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