Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen,
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- Zoe Fowler
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1
2 Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen, As the bearer of these lines, to whom I graciously ask you to listen, will explain to you in more detail, how because of the "wrong" statistics of the N and Li6 nuclei and the continuous beta spectrum, I have hit upon a desperate remedy to save the "exchange theorem" of statistics and the law of conservation of energy. Namely, the possibility that there could exist in the nuclei electrically neutral particles, that I wish to call neutrons, which have spin 1/2 and obey the exclusion principle and which further differ from light quanta in that they do not travel with the velocity of light. The mass of the neutrons should be of the same order of magnitude as the electron mass and in any event not larger than 0.01 proton masses. The continuous beta spectrum would then become understandable by the assumption that in beta decay a neutron is emitted in addition to the electron such that the sum of the energies of the neutron and the electron is constant......," $% & '()*+ Unfortunately, I cannot appear in Tubingen personally since I am indispensable here in Zurich because of a ball on the night of 6/7 December. With my best regards to you, and also to Mr Back. Your humble servant,!"# W. Pauli
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20 .! "$ # ν µ ν τ FC+PC(1489days)+Upµ(1600days) Best Fit χ 2 =136.1/152 (0.99,2.4Ξ10 3 ),$!$ % F m 2 (ev 2 ) & ' & () & * ( & - '+& () & * ( Ψ CL 90Ψ CL 99Ψ CL # >94M sin 2 2θ
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24 peak time (ns) ' +[>9>494\ 4 & /A9 7 A2 6$!.3 & A*H
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26 2"" 747# events t to previous event > 30 usec (cut cosmic ray muon decay) nhit > 200 p.e. ( E ~ 20MeV) E > 30 MeV fully contained vertex in fiducial volume µ µsec events in fiducial volume events µsec
27 $% Super-Kamiokande Run 8356 Event :18:35:49 Inner: 2296 hits, pe Outer: 1 hits, 0 pe (in-time) Trigger ID: 0x07 D wall: cm FC mu-like, p = MeV/c Charge(pe) > < 0.2!=$ $ 0: + 3* $ * 1$+ *9 ;$ % 30 ; KEK Beam direction marked by diamond Times (ns)
28 6]. & predicted = # 1 Ring µ like Events >???*4@@> K2K Preliminary Data >*!µ*(! ! Events Q49M >@ *F '4R+Q>9@ 40 measured = 56 events 8 best fit to ν µ ν τ Total G$J Number of %! Events I $G$ Reconstructed Neutrino =$ Energy (GeV)
29 "6$ #.! ]2%= 61 4 Q49M >@ *F '4R+Q>9@ m Super-K 1489 day preliminary revised (2003) % $ 10-4 Method 1 Method 2 68% 90% 99% K2K-1 Final Data sin 2 2θ ! VB^ 2%O '4R+
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31 .747!7*88J Super-Kamiokande Run Sub 25 Ev :08:00:00 Inner: 1865 hits, 6565 pe Outer: 0 hits, 0 pe (in-time) Trigger ID: 0x03 D wall: cm FC e-like, p = MeV/c Charge(pe) > < 0.1 KK 8.`% Times (ns)
32 p + e + p 2 p + p 2 H + e + + ν e H + ν e 99.6% pp 2 H + p 3 He + γ pep 85% 15% <<1% 3 He + 3 He 4 He + 2p 3 He + p 4 He + e + + ν e 3 He + 4 He 7 Be + γ hep 99.9% 7 Be + e 7 Li + ν e 7 Be + p 8 B + γ Beryllium7 7 Li + p 4 He + 4 He 8 B 8 Be + e + + ν e Boron8 4p 4 He + 2e + + 2ν e + γ 8 Be 4 He + 4 He
33 pp 7Be 7Be pep 8B hep
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37 7./ " J Events/0.425 MeV MeV analysis threshold reactor neutrinos geo neutrinos accidentals KamLAND data no oscillation best-fit oscillation sin 2 2θ = 1.0 m 2 = 6.9 x 10-5 ev Prompt Energy (MeV) Nobs/Nexp ILL Savannah River Bugey Rovno Goesgen Krasnoyarsk Palo Verde Chooz KamLAND Distance to Reactor (m)
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46 &1J &1NE61.O 2NE64?P(!""*&! % & 'WB@& 747+ Parameters Peak Energy Intensity.7 GeV.77MW FD Target Station Decay Pipe Measurement Goals: High Precision(~1%) m 2 23 sin 2 (2θ 23 ) To Super-Kamiokande 4 b ""*& Observe for 1 st time θ 13 =
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