The secrets of the ion diffusion region in collisionless magnetic reconnection
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1 EGU The secrets of the ion diffusion region in collisionless magnetic reconnection Seiji ENITANI National Astronomical Observatory of Japan I. Shinohara (JAXA/ISAS) T. Nagai (Titech) T. Wada (NAOJ)
2 Ion-scale Electron-scale structure Inflow Alfvén speed, c A,in (A) Quadrupole magnetic field -B y (B) Hall current (F) Pedestal X y z x +B y enitani et al PoP (D) Dissipation region (C) Electron current layer (E) Super-Alfvénic electron jet Hybrid Nakamura et al JGR Lottermoser et al JGR Arzner & Scholer 2001 JGR Higashimori & Hoshino 2012 JGR 30-40% of inflow Alfvén Kinetic speed Karimabadi et al Drake GRL et al JGR Bessho & Bhattacharjee Liu et 2010 al PoP PoP Q1. Is this a [ion] diffusion region? Q2. Why is the ion ideal condition violated? Q3. Why is the ion flow sub-alfvénic?
3 Magnetic diffusion Arbitrary Ohm s law Frozen-in condition (Flux preservation) Magnetic diffusion B v Relaxation to the frozen-in state Newcomb 1958 Stern 1966, Vasyliunus 1972, Scudder 1997, Hornig 2001 Relative concepts that depend on a reference velocity field v
4 Violation of the flux frozen-in Frozen-in condition (Flux preservation) Newcomb 1958 Energy conversion Diffusion in a narrow sense Additional compression or expansion enitani & Umeda 2014 No energy conversion Reconnection Violation of Line preservation Newcomb 1958
5 Effective magnetic diffusivity Nonideal X Electron diffusion region based on its literal meaning Ion diffusion region based on its literal meaning Frozen-in 2D PIC simulations
6 Ion velocity distribution function X Non-ideal, but outside the ion diffusion region Non-Maxwellian B z
7 Ion velocity distribution function (1) global Speiser ions (2) local Speiser ions (3) trapped ions Vz B z
8 (Global-type) Speiser orbit Movie: X-line to outflow Speiser 1965 JGR Energetic tail rotates clockwise x VExB B z
9 (Local-type) Speiser orbit B z Vz B z Lyons & Speiser 1985 JGR Speiser 1965 JGR Lottermoser et al JGR Nakamura et al JGR
10 Nonlinear dynamics in 1980 s The night before kinetic PIC simulations Poincaré. map: (x, x) at z=0 Empty islands Sea of chaos Great onion One can visually classify particle orbits. Chen & Palmadesso 1986 JGR
11 Particle-orbit theory Curvature radius of B Nonlinear system Büchner & elenyi 1989 JGR Larmor radius B B B Bounce motion (I-adiabatic) Chaotic motion Footprint = Poincaré map Gyro motion (μ-adiabatic)
12 Ion distribution function By By X X
13 Ion distribution function By By X X Two of 5 variables (x, y,,, Vz) at z=0
14 Distribution function Poincaré map... (x, x) (-y, x) Regular orbits Speiser orbits (Transient orbits) Chen & Palmadesso 1986 JGR
15 by T. NAOJ
16 Trapped ions 3 Regular orbit Phase 2 1 Main population 0 8-shaped regular orbit Orbit theory
17 Macroscopic properties VExB Inflow Alfvén speed (ca,in) Vi x x V ExB VExB X Vi Vi -VExB sinα B z slow Slow outflow: An apparent effect Nonidealness: Nongyrotropic motion Speiser ions do not fully gyrate about Bz!!
18 Dissipation region Sub-Alfvénic ion flow p + e - = Ensemble of the swing-by motion of local Speiser ions Y Local Speiser ions X i Vi x x VExB B z slow
19 Dissipation region Super-Alfvénic electron jet J p + e - = Ensemble of the swing-by motion of local Speiser electrons Y X Local Speiser electrons e - VExB Ve Chen et al PoP
20 Magnetic diffusion Text summary Relaxation to the frozen-in state Relative concept that depends on one s choice of v Ion diffusion region is smaller than the Riy 0 region Poincaré map Ion velocity distribution function Nongyrotropic particle motion (1) Global Speiser ions (2) Local Speiser ions Violation of the ideal condition Sub-Alfvénic ion flow (3) Trapped ions: (NEW) Regular orbits in the chaos theory References enitani, Shinohara, Nagai, & Wada, Phys. Plasmas, 20, (2013) enitani & Umeda, Phys. Plasmas, 21, (2014) enitani, Hesse, Klimas, & Kuznetsova, Phys. Rev. Lett., 106, (2011) relax
21 Visual summary Dissipation Region Electron Diffusion Region Ion Diffusion Region Nongyrotropic layers Magnetic dissipation (enitani PRL) relax Magnetic diffusion (enitani & Umeda 2014 PoP) Nongyrotropic motion (enitani PoP) The ion diffusion region is smaller than thought: Ion nongyrotropic physics dominates in the outer layer
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