RETA Book 1 Chapter 1 Fundamental Items
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1 RETA Book 1 Chapter 1 Fundamental Items Peter Thomas, P.E. Resource Compliance
2 RETA Certification Levels CARO Certified Assistant Refrigeration Operator CARO is an entry-level credential that is designed to demonstrate that an operator has sufficient knowledge to work under supervision in industrial refrigeration. There is no minimum experience requirement for CARO. The exam assesses mastery of concepts and principles in RETA s Industrial Refrigeration I and the ammonia safety chapter in Industrial Refrigeration IV (chapter 7). CARO includes 110 questions and allows three hours for completion.
3 RETA Certification Levels CIRO Certified Industrial Refrigeration Operator CIRO requires documentation of at least two years of experience as a industrial refrigeration operator. It assesses more advanced concepts, principles and applications required to supervise industrial refrigeration operations. CIRO measures mastery of applied refrigeration system operations and troubleshooting based on principles and knowledge addressed in RETA books: Industrial Refrigeration (IR) I IR II (systems) IR IV (plant operation and safety) Basic Electricity (BE) I Basic Electricity (BE) II (ladder diagrams) The CIRO exam consists of 135 questions and allows three hours for completion.
4 CARO Exam Content Refrigeration Fundamentals Refrigeration Cycle Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Tables Types of Refrigerant Compressors Operation and maintenance of compressors Lubrication Evaporators and Cooling Units Condensers and High Pressure Receivers Purging Safety, Hazards, and Prevention 10 Questions 9 Questions 10 Questions 7 Questions 15 Questions 10 Questions 9 Questions 10 Questions 4 Questions 16 Questions
5 Objectives 1. Explain the difference between sensible heat and latent heat 2. Explain the relationship between force and pressure 3. Explain the difference between heat energy and temperature 4. Describe the condition of refrigerant liquids and vapors in terms of heat, temperature, and pressure 5. Discuss the duties of a refrigeration operator / technician 6. Use sensible heat and latent heat formulas to calculate refrigeration loads
6 Units of Measurement - Length
7 Units of Measurement - Length 1 ft = 12 in 1 mile = 5,280 ft 1 yard = 3 ft 1 mile = km 1 m = ft 1 in = 2.54 cm 1000 mm = 1 m 100 cm = 1 m 1,000 m = 1 km
8 Units of Measurement - Length How many feet are in 5 km? LL ffff = 5kkkk mmmmmmmm kkkk 5,280ffff mmmmmmmm = 16,404ffff
9 Units of Measurement - Area 3ft ft AA = LL WW = 7ffff 3ffff = 21ffff
10 Units of Measurement - Area AA = ππ rr 2 DD = 2 rr 6ft 3ft AA = ππ DD2 4 AA = ππ (3ffff) 2 AA = 28.27ffff 2
11 Units of Measurement - Area ππ
12 Units of Measurement - Volume VV = LL WW HH VV = 12ffff 6ffff 6ffff VV = 432ffff 3 12ft 6ft 12ft 6ft VV = AA LL VV = ππ rr 2 LL VV = ππ (3ffff) 2 (12ffff) VV = 339.3ffff 3
13 Units of Measurement - Rate RRRRRRRR = mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm tttttttt MMMMMM = mmmmmmmmmm hrr CCCCCC = ffff3 mmmmmm GGGGGG = gggggggggggggg mmmmmm TTTT = 288,000BBBBBB 24hrr FFFFFF = ffff mmmmmm
14 Units of Measurement Weight and Mass WW = mm gg WW = 200 llll mm 32.2 ffff/ss 2 ss2 llll ff 32.2llll mm ffff WW = 200llll ff
15 Units of Measurement Weight and Mass A 200lb m person weighs: 200lb f on earth 33lb f on moon 505.6lb f on Jupiter 5,580 lb f on sun
16 Pressure PP = FF AA
17 Pressure If a 200 lb man stands on a 2ft x 2ft square platform, what pressure is exerted on the platform? PP = FF AA AA = LL WW AA = 2ffff 2ffff = 4ffff 2 PP = 200llll 4ffff 2 = 50 llll ffff 2 1ffff2 144iiii 2 = pppppp
18 Pressure PP = FF AA
19 Pressure Gauge pressure (P g ) is the pressure measured relative to ambient pressure Absolute pressure (P a ) is the measured gauge pressure added to ambient pressure PP aa = PP gg
20 Temperature Temperature is a measurement of the intensity of heat FF = 9 CC CC = FF
21 Temperature Convert 77 F to C CC = CC = FF = 25 CC
22 Heat In science, heat is synonymous with energy and work BTU = British Thermal Unit 1 BTU is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1lb of water 1 F
23 Heat Transfer Equation - Sensible QQ = MM CC TT Where: o Q = heat required (BTU) o M = mass of substance (lb) o C = specific heat capacity (BTU/lb-ºF) o T = T 2 -T 1 = Difference between the starting temperature and the ending temperature (ºF)
24 Example 1 Determine the BTUs required to warm 2 lb of water from 40ºF to 70ºF. QQ = MM CC TT QQ = 2llll 1 BBBBBB (70ºFF 40ºFF) llll ºFF QQ = 6666 BBBBBB
25 Example 2 Determine the BTUs required to warm 2 lb of iron from 40ºF to 70ºF. QQ = MM CC TT QQ = 2llll BBBBBB (70ºFF 40ºFF) llll ºFF QQ = BBBBBB
26 Heat Transfer Equation - Latent Where: o Q = heat required (BTU) o M = mass of substance (lb) o h L = specific enthalpy (BTU/lb) QQ = MM h LL
27 Example 3 Determine the BTUs required to boil 2 lb of 212ºF water into steam. QQ = MM h LL QQ = 2llll 970 BBBBBB llll QQ = 11, BBBBBB
28 Heat Transfer Equation - Combined QQ TTTTTTTTTT = QQ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + QQ LLLLLLLLLLLL Where: o Q Total = total heat required (BTU) o Q Sensible = sensible heat (BTU) o Q Latent = latent heat (BTU)
29 Example 4 Determine the BTUs required to boil 2 lb of 40ºF water into steam. QQ TTTTTTTTTT = QQ TTTTTTTTTT = QQ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + QQ LLLLLLLLLLLL QQ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS = MM CC TT QQ LLLLLLLLLLLL = MM h LL QQ TTTTTTTTTT = (MM CC TT) + (MM h LL ) 2llll 1 BBBBBB 212ºFF 40ºFF llll ºFF QQ TTTTTTTTTT = 22, BBBBBB + (2llll 970 llll )
30 Heat Energy Profile for Water Solid and Liquid (144 BTU/lb) Liquid and Vapor (970 BTU/lb) Temperature (ºF) Solid (0.5 BTU/lb-ºF) BTUs Applied From 0ºF
31 Example 5 Determine the BTUs required to freeze 2,000 lb (1 ton) of 32ºF water into ice. QQ = MM h LL QQ = 2,000llll 144 BBBBBB llll QQ = , BBBBBB
32 Example 6 If 2,000 lb of ice must be formed in 24 hours, what is rate of heat transfer? QQ = QQ tt QQ = 288,000BBBBBB 24hrr QQ = 12,000 BBBBBB hrr QQ = 11 TTTT
33 Refrigeration Tonnage 1 Ton of Refrigeration (Tr) is defined as the amount of heat required to freeze 2,000 lb of 32ºF water into ice. 1 Tr = 12,000 BTU/hr
34 Phase Changes Boiling Point At a given pressure, the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a vapor Saturation When a substance is at its boiling temperature and is a liquid, vapor, or mixture between the two, it is saturated Superheated Vapor A vapor that has increased in temperature after all of the liquid has boiled away without a change in pressure Subcooled Liquid A liquid that exists below its saturation temperature
35 Heat Energy Profile 300 Temperature (ºF) Liquid and Vapor Saturated BTUs Applied From 0ºF
36 Pressure / Temperature Relationship Pressure (PSIA) Temperature ( F)
37 Properties of Refrigerants Saturated temp/press Density of liquid Density of gas Heat content of liquid Heat content of gas Specific volume of liquid Specific volume of gas Corrosive characteristics Toxicity Flammability Reactivity
38 Modes of Heat Transfer Conduction The process of transferring heat through direct contact Convection The process of transferring heat through a moving fluid Radiation The process of transferring heat without a molecule to molecule direct exchange of energy
39 Questions?
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