TSOKOS READING ACTIVITY Section 7-2: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (8 points)

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1 IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS TSOKOS READING ACTIVITY Section 7-2: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (8 points) 1. IB Assessment Statements for Topic 8.5. Greenhouse Effect Solar Radiation Calculate the intensity of the Sun s radiation incident on a planet Define albedo State factors that determine a planet s albedo. The Greenhouse Effect Describe the greenhouse effect Identify the main greenhouse gases and their sources Explain the molecular mechanisms by which greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation Analyse absorption graphs to compare the relative effects of different greenhouse gases Outline the nature of black-body radiation Draw and annotate a graph of the emission spectra of black bodies at different temperatures State the Stefan-Boltzmann law and apply it to compare emission rates from different surfaces Apply the concept of emissivity to compare the emission rates from the different surfaces Define surface heat capacity C s Solve problems on the greenhouse effect and the heating of planets using a simple energy balance climate model. 2. IB Assessment Statements for Topic 8.6. Global Warming Describe some possible models of global warming State what is meant by the enhanced greenhouse effect Identify the increased combustion of fossil fuels as the likely major cause of the enhanced greenhouse effect Describe the evidence that links global warming to increased levels of greenhouse gases Outline some of the mechanisms that may increase the rate of global warming Define coefficient of volume expansion State that one possible effect of the enhanced greenhouse effect is a rise in mean sea-level Outline possible reasons for a predicted rise in mean sea-level Indentify climate change as an outcome of the enhanced greenhouse effect Solve problems related to the enhanced greenhouse effect. Reading Activity T7-2 Updated: 19-Jan-15 Page 1 of 6

2 Identify some possible solutions to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect Discuss international efforts to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect. 3. Tsokos Objectives for Lesson 7-2, a. Understand and apply the black-body radiation law b. Understand the meaning of the terms emissivity and albedo c. Work with a simple energy balance equation d. Understand the meaning of the term greenhouse effect and distinguish this effect from the enhanced greenhouse effect e. Name the main greenhouse gases and their natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks f. Understand the molecular mechanism for infrared radiation absorption g. State the evidence linking global warming to the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere h. Understand the definition of surface heat capacity and apply it in simple situations i. Discuss the expected trends on climate caused by changes in various factors and appreciate that these are interrelated j. State possible solutions to the enhanced greenhouse effect and international efforts to counter global warming 4. Read section 7-2 in your textbook. 5. Answer the following questions: a. In what form of energy do all bodies that are kept at some absolute temperature radiate? b. What law governs the power radiated by a body? c. State the Stefan-Boltzmann law. d. State the equation for the Stefan- Boltzmann law. e. State the variable and the value for the Stefan- Boltzmann constant. f. What does the e stand for in the Stefan- Boltzmann equation and what is it? g. What is the emissivity of a perfect emitter (aka black body)? h. What are the characteristics of a surface that has a high emissivity and what are those that have low emissivity Reading Activity T7-2 Updated: 19-Jan-15 Page 2 of 6

3 i. Bodies absorb energy at the same rate (same formula) at which they emit energy. What is required for a body to remain at equilibrium? j. What variable determines the wavelength at which most of the energy is emitted by a body? k. What change in this variable will increase wavelength? l. The military and law enforcement use a device utilizing this principle to find people in the dark. What is the name of this device? m. What is Wien s Law and what is the equation for it? n. What is the global day and night average temperature of the earth s surface? o. Why does the sun shine but the earth doesn t? p. The mean surface temperature of the moon (250K) is cooler than the earth, so why does it glow at night? q. What is the definition, variable used, equation for a spherical emitter, and units for intensity? (the number of items you must give make this a very intense question) r. What is the definition, variable used, approximate value, and units for intensity? (this one is also pretty intense, but hey, it s the sun we re talking about) s. Give an equation for power in terms of intensity t. What is the albedo of a body and what variable is used for it? u. What is the average global albedo of the earth? v. What factors affect the albedo of a given area on earth? w. What is the power of the radiation received on the earth s surface and what is the net radiation intensity for that surface area? Reading Activity T7-2 Updated: 19-Jan-15 Page 3 of 6

4 x. Example Q3a. and b. came up with an average earth surface temperature of -17 C which is 32K lower than the actual. What important factor did this simplified model fail to take into account (see Q3c.)? y. What other factors impact the radiation properties of the earth? z. The radiation reaching the earth is predominantly from what region of the electromagnetic spectrum? aa. According to Wien s law, if the earth s average surface temperature is 288K, what part of the electromagnetic spectrum do the wavelengths of energy radiated from the surface fall under? bb. What is the difference between visible light wavelengths and infrared wavelengths in terms of passage through the earth s atmosphere? cc. Define the greenhouse effect. dd. What are the gases primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect? (and don t say greenhouse gases!) ee. Should we try to completely eliminate the greenhouse effect? ff. What do we have to worry about in terms of the atmosphere? gg. How does the difference in vibrational/rotational energy levels differ from atomic energy levels and how does this compare to the energy of infrared photons? hh. What happens when gas molecules absorb infrared energy photons? Reading Activity T7-2 Updated: 19-Jan-15 Page 4 of 6

5 ii. jj. Are all the emitted photons radiated back toward the earth? To be absorbed by a gas molecule, what must the frequency of the infrared photon be? kk. What information does a transmittance curve give you? ll. Define surface heat capacity, give its units, and give the equation for thermal energy required. mm. How does surface heat capacity related to ordinary specific heat capacity? nn. What is the best evidence to support the link between global warming and increased greenhouse gas concentrations? oo. What other explanations are there for global warming besides the enhanced greenhouse effect? pp. How does changes in sea level affect climate? qq. Why will melting sea ice not result in increased sea level? rr. Why will sea levels rise with increases in global temperatures? ss. tt. Name three consequences of increased water vapour released into the atmosphere? i. ii. iii. Is the effect of the deforestation of rainforests on the atmosphere clearcut? uu. Review the measures to reduce global warming on page 449. I could make you list them all, but since I m too tired to make all the lines, do you promise that you reviewed them? vv. Name two countries that did not ratify the Kyoto protocol of 1997 Reading Activity T7-2 Updated: 19-Jan-15 Page 5 of 6

6 ww. Does the IPCC do any of its own research or does it just copy the work of others? 6. Answers may be typed or neatly printed. Drawings may be freehand, but try to make use of the Shapes or Insert Clipart functions of MS Word. If you submit this assignment electronically, the filename must be in the following format, LastnameFirstinitialPerXReadActX-X. Reading Activity T7-2 Updated: 19-Jan-15 Page 6 of 6

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