The Music in the Atom. Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 1

Transcription

1 The Music in the Atom Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 1

2 Music For All? Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 2

3 History of the Universe Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 3

4 Big Bang In the beginning Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 4

5 Blow-hole at Grand Cayman Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 5

6 Energy Budget of the Universe * * * * * * H He M E Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 6

7 Dark Matter m M Use light as a guide for mass Expect v 2 = G M R m 2 v R M m G R = 2 Is there mass where there is no light? Dark Matter! Photo courtesy of Blas Cabrera Rotation curve for the galaxy NGC3198 from Begeman 1989 (slide from Clarence Chang, Aspen 2004 Winter Conference on Particle Physics)

8 e e α α γ QED Quantum Electro-Dynamics µ = ± µ = ±

9 Elementary Particles 450 BC Aristotle Demokritos Mendeleyev Thomson Rutherford Gell-Mann earth water air fire atom periodic table Rutherford Experiment electron nucleus quarks Source α-particles Large angle scattering atoms have nuclei Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 9

10 SU3: Law and Order in the Particle Zoo 0 o n uud p ddu uus 1 Σ Σ ο Σ + (1384) Σ Σ ο,λ ο Σ + (1193) 2 Ξ - Ξ 0 (1533) Ξ - Ξ 0 (1318) 3 Strangeness: S Ω - u : I 3 = 1/2 S= 0 Q= 2/3 d : I 3 = -1/2 S= 0 Q= -1/3 s : I 3 = 0 S=-1 Q= -1/ Isotopic spin: I 3 =Q-(B+S)/2 Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 10

11 The Standard Model Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg Mγ, g = 0 M W, Z ~100 M p M top ~M gold Higgs field generates Mass! Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 11

12 Unification of forces q q STRONG ~ 1 α s α s g ELECTROMAGNETIC ~ 10-2 WEAK ~ e e α α γ α ν W e e - W - d u charged current ν e +n -> p+e - ν d α W Z o neutral current ν d ν e +p -> ν e +p

13 Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 13 Leon Lederman & the SM A good theory should fit on a T-shirt! ( ) ( ) hermitian conjugate R L G R L G V 2 B 2 Y W 2 1 R B 2 Y R L B 2 Y W 2 1 L B B 4 1 W W = c g g i g i g g i L φ φ φ φ τ γ τ γ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µν µν µν µν But what about interactions? AND WHAT ABOUT GRAVITY?

14 String Theory, then? Particles correspond to the vibration modes of a string in 10 dimensions Gravity is included! Pythagoras applied it to music in 400 BC: =10 It surely makes an interesting T-shirt! Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 14

15 The Tevatron p-p Collider CDF Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 15

16 Collider Detector at Fermilab Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 16

17 CDF event in central tracker 10 6 electronic channels 10 6 collisions/sec Trigger: L1: 100 K/sec L2: 1 K/sec L3: 100/sec Superconducting solenoid 15 Kgauss 3 m diameter 5 m long Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 17

18 Selecting the information of interest Au+Au collision at Brookhaven Search for quark-gluon plasma Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 18

19 The Top Quark Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 19

20 Top Quark Discovery The top quark was co-discovered in 1995 by the CDF and D0 Collaborations at Fermilab E T p p One of the discovery tools was the expected high value of the sum of the transverse energy in an event H=Σ E T E T Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 20

21 Top Turns Ten Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 21

22 QCD Quantum Chromo-Dynamics The Theory of Strong Interactions COLOR FORCE u u d proton (colorless) α s Strong coupling 1 asymptotic freedom α s confinement 0 Distance 1 fermi

23 David Politzer 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics w / David Gross and Frank Wilczek Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 23

24 The CDF Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 24

25 MiniPlug Construction at Rockefeller About 1500 wavelength shifting fibers of 1 mm dia. are strung through holes drilled in 36 lead plates sandwiched between reflective Al sheets and guided into bunches to be viewed individually by multi-channel photomultipliers. Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 25

26 An Event in the MiniPlug Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 26

27 The Higgs Mechanism for generating Mass The vacuum is filled with the Higgs field, the quanta of which are Higgs particles named after Peter Higgs. The Force!!! Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 27

28 Search for the Higgs g t H b b jet M H g jet M W (GeV/c 2 ) TEVATRON LEP χ All data, with old world-average M top All data, with new world-average M top Theory uncertainty Higgs Mass (GeV/c 2 ) M W -M top contours : 68% CL M top (GeV/c 2 ) Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos Region excluded by direct searches Higgs Boson Mass [GeV/c 2 ]

29 The Large Hadron Collider ATLAS Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 29

30 Many thanks to my Colleagues! Anwar Luc Stefano Michele Mary Koji Christina Andrea Ken Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 30

31 String Fever Physics for All, NYC, 8 Nov 2005 The Music in the Atom K. Goulianos 31