Discovering Spatial Thinking
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1 Discovering Spatial Thinking Arnold Bregt UCSB, 5 October 2010
2 Experiment
3 Contents Part 1: My discovery of Spatial Thinking Literature Framework for Spatial Thinking UCSB Questionnaire Part 2: Some projects on Spatial Thinking Reflection
4 Escher M.C.
5 Gardner s 9 types of intelligence Naturalist Intelligence ( Nature Smart ) Musical Intelligence ( Musical Smart ) Mathematical Intelligence ( Number Smart ) Existential Intelligence ( Existence Smart ) Interpersonal Intelligence ( People Smart ) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence ( Body Smart ) Linguistic Intelligence ( Word Smart ) Intra-personal Intelligence ( Self Smart ) Spatial Intelligence ( Picture Smart ) Gardner, H., 1983
6 Report National research council, 2006
7 Definition - 1 The NRC report defines spatial thinking as a constructive amalgam of three elements: concepts of space, tools of representation, and processes of reasoning. Source: National Research Council, 2006
8 Definition - 2 Spatial thinking is defined as the knowledge, skills, and habits of mind to use concepts of space, tools of representation like maps and graphs, and processes of reasoning to organize and solve problems. Source: Downs and de Souza, 2005
9 Definition (my definition) Spatial thinking is reasoning about problems using spatial concepts. Note: Tools are important but play a role in the how of spatial thinking (The definition is the what )
10 Spatial thinking in WoS Countries WoS analysis, September 2010
11 Spatial thinking in WoS Subject areas WoS analysis, September 2010
12 Spatial thinking in WoS Publication year WoS analysis, September 2010
13 Spatial thinking in WoS Institutions WoS analysis, September 2010
14 Great Spatial Thinkers (Spatial Geniuses) Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Geodesy) Nicolaus Copernicus (Astronomy) William Smith (Geology) John Snow (Epidemiology) James Watson and Francis Crick (Biology) Marie Tharp (Oceanography) Maurits Escher (Art)
15 James Watson and Francis Crick (Biology) James Watson (1928- Francis Crick ( ) The Double Helix (1953) Key ST: 3D structure and visualization
16 Marie Tharp (Oceanography) Seafloor mapping (1957) Key ST: Envisioning processes from 2D observations
17 Maurits Cornelis Escher ( ) Paintings (1961) Key ST: (impossible) spatial patterns and rotations
18 A few conclusions Spatial thinking is vital for humans It is not clear how we really think spatially (memory patchwork, lines, objects and frames? Spatial thinking is very domain/context specific!
19 Three dimensional Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking Source: Jo and Berdnarz, 2009
20 Cognitive processes Source: Jo, I 2007
21 Thinking Conscious conscious Unconscious (80-90%) Source: Ap Dijksterhuis, 2007
22 Cognition domain (internal) Problem domain Solution domain
23 Cognition domain (internal) Problem domain Solution domain Information domain (external)
24 Outer Geographical Different spaces for ST Environmental Personal Micro
25 Thinking in Personal Space Example: Writing, Dance, movement of arms/legs Thinking: Unconscious Learning: 0-6 years 5 Senses (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) Space concepts: 3D locations, distance and time (seconds)
26 Thinking in Environmental Space Example: Driving, Walking Thinking: Unconscious/Conscious Learning: senses (see, hear, smell) Space concepts: 3D locations, networks, distance, movement
27 Thinking in Geographical Space Example: Spatial planning, erosion control, flooding Thinking; Conscious Learning: Sense (see) Space concepts: Location, distance, network, spatial dependence, spatial correlation, etc
28 Spatial Thinking Questionnaire at UCSB Two groups: Geography and Non-geography Number of persons: 7 per group (3 M and 4 F)
29 What is spatial thinking? Geography: Non-Geography: Core concept in Geogr. (2) Spatial relations (2) Cognitive skill (2) 3D objects (2) Not clear (2) Total 20 Total 10
30 Examples of ST in Personal Space Geography Non-Geography Hand coordination (3) Dancing (2) Talking (2) Walking (2) Sporting (2) Total 12 Total 17
31 Examples of ST in Environmental Space Geography Non-Geography Driving a car (3) Way finding (3) Navigation (3) All different! Total 18 Total 17
32 Examples of ST in Geographical Space Geography Non-Geography Spatial analysis (2) Planning trip (5) Use maps (4) Knowledge about places (3) Total 20 Total 14
33 Reflection The activities mentioned are many and quite different between the spaces. Consequence for Spatial Concepts, Spatial Thinking and Spatial Thinking tests.
34 Implications for Spatial Concepts (Golledge) Personal Space: Primitive Environmental Space: Primitive, Simple Geographical space: Primitive, Simple, Difficult, Complicated,Complex
35 Concepts of Space - 2 Source: Golledge I 2007(?)
36 Implications for Spatial thinking tests Personal Space: Rotation Environmental Space: Orientation, Schematization and Memorization Geographical space: Orientation, Schematization, Memorization, Visualization and Correlation
37 Some projects on Spatial Thinking Project 1: Farmers as sensors Project 2: Scale Perspectives test Project 3: Simulation of knowledge sharing
38 Farmers as sensors Aim: Use of spatial knowledge of arable farmers Questions: What is known? How and when is this knowledge perceived? Is/can this knowledge be applied?
39 Pilot in Hoekse Waard at four farms Farm K Location of sampled fields in Hoeksche Waard Farm M Farm N Farm L
40 Step 1 Discussing spatial knowledge Semi-structured interviews Part 1 general info farm Part 2 field variation Mental map of important zones
41 Step 2 Field Visit Field visit and discussion nature of differences in the field Marking zones in the field
42 Step 3 soil sampling
43 Some results
44 Results Farmer defined zones show significant differences for texture, organic matter, nutrients Extensive spatial knowledge present Part of spatial knowledge already actively applied intuitively during field management Soil tillage important moment of perception Heijting, de Bruin & Bregt, 2011 Journal of PA
45 Project 2: Scale Perspectives test Aim: Stakeholders framing their land use issues in space, time and system dynamics Goal: Develop and test of methods to capture stakeholders perception Escher M.C.
46 Scale perspectives test v v v Flooding Environmental awareness education Ecosystem defragmentation Migration to the countryside Soil degradation
47 Application Oxfordshire (UK) n = 34 Metier (EU) N = 20
48 Results from Oxfordshire Scale Perspectives Test Top 5 issues for Oxfordshire case GLOBAL EUROPEAN NATIONAL COUNTY DISTRICT FARM Transportation Energy Food Climate change Environmental degradation FIELD HOURS DAYS WEEKS MONTHS YEARS DECADES CENTURIES
49 Results from Oxfordshire and Metier Vervoort et al. Submitted to LUP
50 Project 3: Simulation of knowledge sharing Goal: Simulation of knowledge sharing is spatial planning Political and social complexity increases: more actors, less space, more desires, more restriction Escher M.C. Humanity
51 Agent based model
52 How the model works?
53
54 Application Based upon Land Use Data (100 m. resolution) Rules based upon the statements of actors Spatial goal : allocate 300 ha of new urbanization. Three social scenarios Three actors simulated by agents (local auth. Farmer, environmentalist)
55 Application Co-deciding: all involved actors have equal decision power. Co-deciding with a power player Consultation: the most common type of planning in the Netherlands
56 Results Ligtenberg et al., E&P B
57
58 Reflection Spatial thinking a challenging research field A way forward is to analyze spatial thinking of persons and disciplines (where do we think about?) Due to the strong unconscious character of ST there is a lot to be discovered!
59 Escher M.C, 1956 Print Gallery
60
61 Thank you for introducing spatial thinking to me Wageningen UR
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