DRILLING FLUIDS. IADC Drilling Manual Copyright 2015
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1 FL IADC Drilling Manual 12th Edition IADC Drilling Manual Copyright 2015
2 RHELIANT PLUS FLAT RHEOLOGY NON-AQUEOUS DRILLING FLUID SYSTEM The only flat rheology deepwater drilling fluid with thermal stability from the riser to the formation RHELIANT PLUS flat rheology non-aqueous drilling fluid system ensures consistent rheological properties in deep water, HPHT, and extended-reach drilling operations, regardless of temperature fluctuations in the riser and formation. An enhanced gel structure reduces gel strength progression, lowering wellbore stresses. The result is excellent hole cleaning, reduced operating costs through improved tripping speeds, and controlled loss of circulation. In a high-inclination well in the offshore fields of Sakhalin, Russia, a flat rheology was maintained with mud-on-cuttings surface losses that equaled 50% of historic averages, resulting in a projected USD 1.2 million reduction in annual base oil cost. miswaco.com/rheliantplus Mark of M-I L.L.C.
3 FL-i CHAPTER FL he IADC Drilling Manual is a series of reference guides assembled by volunteer drilling-industry professionals with T expertise spanning a broad range of topics. These volunteers contributed their time, energy and knowledge in developing the IADC Drilling Manual, 12th edition, to help facilitate safe and efficient drilling operations, training, and equipment maintenance and repair. The contents of this manual should not replace or take precedence over manufacturer, operator or individual drilling company recommendations, policies or procedures. In jurisdictions where the contents of the IADC Drilling Manual may conflict with regional, state or national statute or regulation, IADC strongly advises adhering to local rules. While IADC believes the information presented is accurate as of the date of publication, each reader is responsible for his own reliance, reasonable or otherwise, on the information presented. Readers should be aware that technology and practice advance quickly, and the subject matter discussed herein may quickly become surpassed. If professional engineering expertise is required, the services of a competent individual or firm should be sought. Neither IADC nor the contributors to this chapter warrant or guarantee that application of any theory, concept, method or action described in this book will lead to the result desired by the reader. Principal Authors Paul Scott, ConocoPhillips Paul Broussard, Repsol Mike Freeman, Schlumberger/M-I Swaco Fred Growcock, Oxy Ron Bland, Baker Hughes Reviewers Tom Carter, Chevron Ben Bloys, Chevron Malcolm Ellice, Halliburton Joe Hurt, IADC Alan Spackman, IADC Paul Breaux, IADC
4 FL ii This is a chapter of the IADC Drilling Manual, 12th edition. Copyright 2015 International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC), Houston, Texas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Association of Drilling Contractors Richmond Avenue, Suite 760 Houston, Texas USA ISBN: Printed in the United States of America. IADC Drilling Manual Copyright 2015
5 Contents FL-iii CHAPTER FL /CIRCULATING SYSTEM/DRILLING AND COMPLETIONS Contents Introduction...FL-1 Drilling fluid function and performance...fl-1 Physical operating principles...fl-2 Testing drilling fluid properties...fl-2 Purpose of testing...fl-2 Density or mud weight...fl-2 Viscosity...FL-2 Gel strengths... FL-4 Filtration or fluid loss... FL-4 Sand content...fl-5 Solids, oil and water content...fl-5 Chemical content...fl-5 Importance of the drilling fluid...fl-5 General rig personnel involved...fl-5 Categories of drilling fluids...fl-5 Pneumatic drilling fluids...fl-7 Dry gas...fl-7 Mist... FL-8 Foam... FL-8 Aerated fluids... FL-8 Water-based fluids (aqueous fluids)... FL-8 Water or brine... FL-8 Spud mud... FL-8 Native muds... FL-8 Low-solids systems... FL-9 Low-solids/non-dispersed system... FL-9 Polymer muds... FL-9 Lightly treated muds... FL-9 Flocculated bentonite systems... FL-9 Dispersed muds... FL-9 Seawater or brackish water... FL-9 Saturated salt... FL-9 Inhibitive drilling fluid systems... FL-10 Potassium chloride (KCl) polymer... FL-10 KCl polyglycol... FL-10 Polyamine systems... FL-10 Calcium systems... FL-10 Silicate systems... FL-10 Encapsulating polymer systems... FL-10 High-performance water-based muds (HPWBM)... FL-10 High-temperature (HT), high-temperature/ high-pressure (HTHP) and ultra-hthp systems... FL-11 Non-aqueous-based mud systems (oil-based)... FL-11 Invert emulsions... FL-11 Calcium soap systems... FL-12 Surfactant emulsifier systems... FL-12 Low-clay, flat rheology systems... FL-12 Relaxed fluid-loss systems... FL-12 All oil systems... FL-12 Special application fluids... FL-12 Completion brines... FL-12 Drill-in fluids... FL-12 Other special application fluids... FL-12 Additives... FL-12 Weight materials... FL-13 Viscosifiers... FL-13.Filtration control additives (fluid-loss control additives)... FL-13 Thinners (deflocculants)... FL-13 ph/alkalinity control chemicals... FL-13 Calcium removers... FL-13 Surfactants and emulsifiers... FL-13 Shale inhibitors... FL-14 Corrosion inhibitors/scavengers/ biocides... FL-14 Lubricants... FL-14 Defoamers... FL-14 Flocculants... FL-14 Temperature stability agents... FL-15 Foaming agents... FL-15 Hydrate supperssants... FL-15 LCM/bridging agents... FL-15 Location on a rig site... FL-15 Installation... FL-16 Safety and handling... FL-16 Proper handling for safety... FL16- Fire hazards and zones... FL-16 Chemical hazards...fl-17 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)...FL-17 Carbon dioxide (CO2)...FL-17 Carbon monoxide (CO)...FL-17 IADC Drilling Manual Copyright 2015
6 FL iv Lime...FL-17 Caustic (sodium hydroxide or NaOH) and caustic potash (Potassium hydroxide or KOH)... FL-18 OBM surfactants...fl-18 Physical hazards... FL-18 Heat... FL-18 Sack cutting... FL-18 Cranes... FL-18 Noise...FL-19 Pits and walkways...fl-19 Closed-vessel entry...fl-19 Tank strength...fl-19 Spills...FL-19 Lifting...FL-19 Waste disposal...fl-19 Pressure washing/rig cleaning...fl-19 Use of icons/colors/risk factors to visually denote danger...fl-19 System maintenance and contamination treatments... FL-20 General maintenance of drilling fluid properties... FL-20 Density (mud weight)... FL-20 Rheology increase... FL-20 Rheology decrease... FL-20 API and HTHP fluid loss... FL-20 Salinity... FL-20 Alkalinity (ph control)... FL-20 Total hardness/excess lime content... FL-21 Sand content... FL-21 Solids, water and oil content... FL-21 Methylene blue test... FL-21 Electrical stability... FL-21 Contamination treatment for drilling fluids. FL-21 Potential problems that can affect mud systems... FL-21 Weight material settling or sag... FL-21 Sag or settling treatment and prevention recommendations... FL-21 Static settling... FL-21 Dynamic settling... FL-25 Bed slumping... FL-25 Corrosion... FL-25 General treatment procedures... FL-25 Dissolved oxygen... FL-25 Acid gases (CO2 and H2S)... FL-25 Bacterial degradation... FL-25 Gas hydrates... FL-25 Prevention and mitigation recommendations when drilling with a riser... FL-26 WBMs... FL-26 NAFs... FL-26 Well operations... FL-26 Deepwater riser issues... FL-26 Hole cleaning... FL-26 Rheology effects... FL-26 Balling with WBM... FL-26 Stuck pipe... FL-26 Treatments... FL-26 Lost circulation... FL-27 Salt formations and rubble zones... FL-27 Treatments... FL-27 HTHP conditions... FL-28 Wellbore stability issues... FL-28 Calculations and tables... FL-29 Brine tables... FL-29 Important calculations... FL-29 Volume of mud in the circulating system... FL-29 Surface system volume calculations... FL-29 Rectangular tank volume... FL-29 Upright cylindrical tank volume... FL-31 Hole volume calculations (pipe in hole).fl-31 Annular volume (or pipe displacement).fl-31 Pipe (or hole) capacity... FL-31 Circulation times and strokes... FL-31 Pump output and circulation rate... FL-31 Triplex mud pumps... FL-31 Duplex mud pumps... FL-32 Mud cycle (complete circulation of active system)... FL-32 Bottoms up (bit to surface)... FL-32 Surface to bit (pipe capacity displacement).fl-32 Hole cycle time...fl-33 Hole volume (pipe out of hole)...fl-33 Hydrostatic pressure and hydrostatic gradient...fl-34 Quantities of mud materials... FL-35 Weight-up formula... FL-35 Volume increase due to material additions... FL-35 Dilution and blending... FL-35 Annular velocity...fl-36 Government regulations...fl-40 Health and safety regulations...fl-40 Environmental regulations...fl-41 Transportation regulations...fl-43 Cited references...fl-44 Additional references...fl-45 Appendix: Safety data sheets, hazard labels & NFPA Diamond... FL-A1
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